10. Now (follow) the duties of a Sndtaka.
11. After offering at the morning and at the
evening (meals) with (a portion of) the food which
he may have, the VaLrvadeva and the Bali-offerings,
he shall honour, according to his ability, Brihmawas,
Kshatriyas, Vai-syas, and .Sudras (who may come to
his house as) guests.
12. If he cannot (afford to give food) to many, let
him give (something) to one who possesses good
qualities,
1 3. Or to him who has come first.
14. If a .Sudra (has come as) a guest, he shall
order him (to do some) work, (and feed him after-
wards) ;
reading, and to have changed it to ' kfipat tu trin gha/a;«statha/ in order to save the metre. The sense remains the same.
8. Manu XI, 254. The text is found Rig-veda IX, 58. Govinda explains bahupratigrahya, ' one who is able to give presents to many,' by bahubhri'tyabharawakshama, ' one who is able to support many servants/
ro. Vasish/Aa XII, i. " VasishMa XI, 3-9-
14. Apastamba II, 2, 4, 19.
24O BAUDHAYANA. II, 3, 5.
15. Or (if he cannot spare much), he may give a first portion (agrya) to a .Srotriya.
1 6. It is prescribed that the division (of the food)
shall be made without detriment to (the interests
of) those who daily receive a portion.
1 7. But he shall never eat without having given away (some small portion of the food).
1 8. Now they quote also two verses which have
been proclaimed by (the goddess of) food: 'Him
who, without giving me to the gods, the manes, his
servants, his guests and friends, consumes what has
been prepared and (thus), in his exceeding folly,
swallows poison, I consume, and I am his death.
But for him who, offering the Agnihotra, performing
the Vai-svadeva, and honouring guests, eats, full of
contentment, purity, and faith, what remains after
feeding those whom he must support, I become
ambrosia, and he (really) enjoys me.'
19. Presents of money must be given, according
to one's ability, to good Brdhmawas, ^rotriyas, and
Vedaparagas, when they beg outside the Vedi, for the
sake of Gurus, in order to defray (the expenses of)
their marriages, or of medicine, or when they are
distressed for a livelihood, or desirous to offer a
sacrifice, or engaged in studying, or on a journey,
or have performed a Vi-rva^it sacrifice.
15. Vasish/#a XI, 5. Govinda quotes a verse, according to which an agrya, ' first portion,' is equal to sixteen mouthfuls, each of the size of a peahen's egg.
16. Apastamba II, 4, 9,10-11. 'Those who daily receive a
portion' (nityabhaktika), i.e. sons, wives, and so forth. — Govinda.
But see also Apastamba, loc. cit.
19. Gautama V, 20-21, and notes. ' A good Brahmawa, i. e. one who follows the rule of conduct.' — Govinda.
DUTIES OF A SNATAKA.
20. Cooked food (must be given) to other (beggars).
2 1 . Let him eat (seated) in a pure, enclosed place,
after having well washed his hands and feet and
after having sipped water, respectfully receiving the
food which is brought to him, keeping himself free
from lust, anger, hatred, greed, and perplexity, (con-
veying the food into his mouth) with all his fingers
and making no noise (during mastication).
PRAS-NA II, ADHYAYA 3, KANDIK\ 6.
1. Let him not put back into the dish a remnant of food.
2. If he eats (food), containing meat, fish, or sesa- mum, he shall (afterwards) wash and touch fire,
3. And bathe after sunset.
4. Let him avoid a seat, clogs, sticks for cleaning
the teeth, and other (implements) made of Paletra
wood.
20. Gautama V, 22.
21. Vasish/fo XII, 19-20; Vish«u LXVIII, 46. 'This is the rule for him who makes an offering to Atman (i. e. performs the Prjbagnihotra at his meal).' — Govinda. See also below, II, 7, 12.
6. i. 'I.e. he shall take up as much food only as he can swallow at one mouthful.' — Govinda.
2. The Dekhan and Gujarat MSS., including K., add madhu, ' honey,' after sesamum.
3. This and the following six Sutras are left out in M. and the two copies of the commentary. If they have, nevertheless, been received into the text, the reason is that similar rules occur in all Dharmasutras, and that Sutra 3 begins with astamite, while asta- maye occurs in Sutra 10. It seems therefore probable that the writer of the MS. from which M. and Govinda's copies are derived, skipped over a line by mistake.
4-7. Vasish///a XII, 34-38-
242 BAUDHAYANA. TI, 3, 6.
5. Let him not eat (food placed) in his lap,
6. Nor on a chair.
7. He shall carry a staff, made of bamboo, and golden earrings.
8. Let him not rub one foot with the other while
bathing, nor place the one on the other while
standing,
9. Let him not wear a visible garland.
10. Let him not look at the sun when he rises or sets\
11. Let him not announce (the appearance of a
rainbow) to another (man, saying), 'There is Indra's
bow.'
1 2. If he points it out, he shall call.it 'the jewelled bow.'
1 3. Let him not pass between the prakilaka and the beam at the town gate,
14. Nor let him pass between the two posts of a swing.
15. Let him not step over a rope to which a calf is tied.
1 6. Let him not step on ashes, bones, hair, chaff,
potsherds, nor on a bathing-place (moist with)
water.
8. Vishnu LXXI, 40. 9. Vasish//5a XII, 39.
10-. VasishMa XII, 10: n-12. Vasish//fo XII, 32-33.
13. Govinda explains prakilaka by 'a piece of wood fastened at the town gate.' Etymologically it would mean ' a strong bolt.' Possibly the rule may be equivalent to Apastamba I, n, 31, 23, and mean that a Snataka is not to creep through the small door which is found in all Indian town gates, and left open after the gates have been shut.
14. Apastamba I, n, 31, 16. 15. Vasish/Vfa XII, 9. 1 6. Gautama IX, 15 ; Manu IV, 132.
, 3,6. DUTIES OF A SNATAKA.
1 7. Let him not announce it to another (man if) a cow suckles (her calf).
1 8. Let him not say of (a cow which is) not a milch-cow, ' She is not a milch-cow.'
19. If he speaks (of such a one), let him say, 'It is one which will become a milch-cow.'
20. Let him not make empty, ill-sounding, or harsh speeches.
21. Let him not go alone on a journey,
22. Nor with outcasts, nor with a woman, nor with a 6*udra.
23. Let him not set out (on a journey) towards evening.
24. Let him not bathe (entirely) naked.
25. Let him not bathe at night.
26. Let him not cross a river swimming.
27. Let him not look down into a well.
28. Let him not look down into a pit.
29. Let him not sit down there, where another person may order him to rise.
30. Way must be made for a Brahmawa, a cow, a
king, a blind man, an aged man, one who is suffering
under a burden, a pregnant woman, and a weak
man.
31. A righteous man shall seek to dwell in a
village where fuel, water, fodder, sacred fuel, Kara
grass, and garlands are plentiful, access to which is
17. Vishnu LXXI, 62. 18-19. Gautama IX, 19.
20. Manu IV, 177 ; Vishmi LXXI, 57, 72, 74. 21-23. Manu IV, 140. 24. Gautama IX, 61.
26. VasishMa XII, 45.
29. E. g. in the palace of a king, whence the attendants may drive him.
30. Vasish/tfa XIII, 58. 3'- Gautama IX, 65.
244 BAUDHAVANA. II, 3, 6.
easy, where many rich people dwell, which abounds in
industrious people, where Aryans form the majority,
and which is not easily entered by robbers.
32. 'A Brahmawa who, having wedded a wife of
the .Sudra caste and dwells during twelve years in a
village where water (is obtainable) from wells only,
becomes equal to a .Sudra.'
33. (If you say that) he who lives in a town and
whose body is covered with the dust, (raised) by
others, and whose eyes and mouth are filled with it,
will obtain salvation, if he restrains himself, (I de-
clare that) that is impossible.
34. ' The dust raised by carriages, horses, ele-
phants, and cows, and (that which comes) from grain
is pure, blamed is (that raised) by a broom, goats,
sheep, donkeys, and garments.'
35. Let him honour those who are worthy of honour.
36. ' A jRtshi, a learned man, a king, a bride-
groom, a maternal unde, a father-in-law, and an
officiating priest are mentioned in the Sjiwrti as
worthy of the honey-mixture at certain times and
occasions.'
37. 'A JKtshi, a learned man, and a king must be
33. Apastamba I, u, 32, 21.
36. Vasish/fta XI, 1-2. A ./?/shi is, according to Govinda, a man who knows not only the text of the Mantras, but also their sense. But Baudh£yana, Gr/hya-sutra I, n, 4, says that a man who knows, besides the .Sakhd and its Ahgas, the Kalpa also, is called Tfashikalpa, i. e. one almost a .# z'shi. See also Apastamba I, 2, 5, 5. A learned man (vidvas) is probably a student who has finished not only his vow, but learned the Veda, a so-called vidya- snataka, Apastamba 1, 1 1, 30, 3. Regarding the arghya or madhu- parka, the honey-mixture, see Apastamba II, 4, 8, 7-9.
37. Gautama V, 27-30. I read kriyarambhe varartvi^au. The
Ii, 4, 7- the Twilight Devotions. 245
honoured whenever they come, a bridegroom and
a priest at the beginning of the religious rites, a
maternal uncle and a father-in-law when a year has
elapsed since their last visit.'
38. ' Let him raise his right arm .on (entering) the
place where the sacred fire is kept, in the midst of a
herd of cows, in the presence of Brahmawas, at the
daily recitation of the Veda, and at dinner.'
39. ' An upper garment must be worn on the fol-
lowing five occasions : during the daily study, during
the evacuation (of excrements), when one bestows
gifts, at dinner, and while one sips water.'
40. ' While one offers oblations in the fire, while
one dines, bestows gifts, offers (food to deities or
Gurus), and accepts presents, (the right hand) must
be placed between the knees.'
41. 'The revealed texts declare, that the creatures
depend on food, food is life; therefore gifts of
food must be made. Food is the most excellent of
sacrificial viands.'
42. 'Sin is removed by burnt offerings, burnt
oblations are surpassed by (gifts of) food, and gifts
of food by kind speeches. That (is declared) to us
in the revealed texts.'
PRASNA II, ADHYAYA 4, KAJVDIKA 7.
i. Now, therefore, we will declare the rule for
(performing) the twilight devotions.
meaning is that a bridegroom is to receive the honey-mixture when he comes to his father-in-law's house for his wedding, and an offi- ciating priest when he comes to perform a sacrifice.
38. Vishmi LXXI, 60. Govinda adds that the act is performed as a salutation.
41. See e.g, Taittiriya Ara»yaka VIII, 2.
246 BAUDHAYANA. II, 4, 7.
2. Going to a (sacred) bathing-place, he shall
bathe, in case he is impure; in case he is pure, he
may, optionally, omit the bath. (But in either case)
he shall wash his feet and hands. Sipping water
and sprinkling himself, while he recites the (flik-
verses) containing the word Surabhi, the Abliiigas,
those addressed to Varu//a, the Hira^yavarwas, the
Pavamants, the (sacred syllables called) Vyahmis,
and other purificatory (texts), he becomes pure (and
fit to perform the twilight devotions).
3. Now they quote also (the following verse) :
'Submersion in water (and) bathing are prescribed for
all the (four) castes. But sprinkling (water over the
body), while Mantras (are being recited), is the par-
ticular (duty) of the twice-born.'
4. He who sprinkles himself (with water) at the
beginning of any sacred rite, — before the time of
the twilight devotions, — while reciting that same
collection of purificatory (texts), becomes pure.
5. Now they quote also (the following rules; :
Seated, with his face to the west, on Darbha grass
and holding Darbha blades in his (right) hand, which
