43. .Sriva»a, i.e. July-August; Agrahayana, i. e. Margajfrsha or November-December. Anvash/aki means the day following the Ash/aka, or eighth day, i. e. the ninth day of the dark halves of MdrgasJrsha, Pausha, Magha, and Phalguna. The form of the word is usually anvash/aka.
56 VASiSHr#A. xi, 44.
44. There is no restriction as to time, if (par-
ticularly suitable) materials and (particularly holy)
Brahmawas are at hand, or (if the sacrificer is) near
(a particularly sacred) place.
45. A Brahma#a must necessarily kindle the three sacred fires.
46. He shall offer (in them) the full and new
moon sacrifices, the (half-yearly) Agraya#a Ishri,
the A'aturmasya-sacrifice, the (half-yearly) sacrifices
at which animals are slain, and the (annual) Soma-
sacrifices.
47. For all this is (particularly) enjoined (in the Veda), and called by way of laudation ' a debt'
48. For it is declared in the Veda, ' A Brahmawa
is born, loaded with three debts/ (and further, 'He
owes) sacrifices to the gods, a son to the manes, the
study of the Veda to the ^'shis ; therefore he is free
from debt who has offered sacrifices, who has be-
gotten a son, and who has lived as a student (with a
teacher).'
49. Let him (ordinarily) initiate a Br3hma/?a in the eighth (year) after conception,
50. A Kshatriya in the eleventh year after con- ception,
51. A VaLrya in the twelfth year after conception.
52. The staff of a Brahmawa (student may) option- ally (be made) of Pala^a wood,
44. Gautama XV, 5. 45. Vishwu LIX, 2.
46. Vish/m LIX, 4-9.
47. Manu IV, 257. I read rmasa«stutam with MS. E.
48. Taitt. Sawh.VI, 3, 10, 5; -Satapatha-brShmatfa I, 7, 2, n. 49-51. Vishmi XXVII, 15-17.
5a-54- Vishnu XXVII, 39. Regarding other kinds of sticks, see Gautama 1, 22-24.
Xi, 68. Initiation. 57
53. (That) of a Kshatriya optionally of the wood of the Banyan tree,
54. (That) of a VaLrya optionally of Udumbara wood.
55. (The staff) of a Brahmawa shall (be of such a length as to) reach the hair,
56. (That) of a Kshatriya the forehead,
57. (That) of a Vai.fya the (tip of the) nose.
58. The girdle of a Brahmawa shall be made of Mu^/a grass,
59. A bowstring (shall be that) of a Kshatriya,
60. (That) of a Valyya shall be made of hempen threads.
61. The upper garment of a Brahmawa (shall be) the skin of a black antelope,
62. (That) of a Kshatriya the skin of a spotted deer,
63. (That) of a Vaicya a cow-skin or the hide of a he-goat
64. The (lower) garment of a Brahmawa (shall be) white ('and) unblemished,
65. (That) of a Kshatriya dyed with madder,
66. (That) of a Vawya dyed with turmeric, or made of (raw) silk ;
67. Or (a dress made of) undyed (cotton) cloth may be worn by (students of) all (castes).
68. A Brahma«a shall ask for alms placing (the word) ' Lady ' first,
55-57- Vishmi XXVII, 22. 58-60. Vishnu XXVII, 18.
61-63. Vishmi XXVII, 20.
64-67. Vishmi XXVII, 19 ; Gautama 1, 17-21. ' Unblemished,' i. e. new, without holes and seams.
68-70. Vishmi XXVII, 25. Le. 'Lady, give alms;' 'Give, O lady, alms;' and ' Give alms, lady.'
58 VASISH777A, XI, 69.
69. A Kshatriya placing (the word) ' Lady ' in the middle,
70. A Vaisya placing (the word) ' Lady ' at the end (of the formula).
7 1 . The time (for the initiation) of a Brahmarca has not passed until the completion of the sixteenth year,
72. (For that) of a Kshatriya until the completion of the twenty-second,
73. (For that) of a Vaisya until the completion of the twenty-fourth.
74. After that they become ' men whose Savitrl has been neglected.'
75. Let him not initiate such men, nor teach
them, nor sacrifice for them ; let them not form
matrimonial alliances (with such outcasts).
76. A man whose Savitr! has not been performed, may undergo the Uddalaka-penance.
77. Let him subsist during two months on barley-
gruel, during one month on milk, during half a
month on curds of two-milk whey, during eight days
on clarified butter, during six days on alms given
without asking, (and) during three days on water,
and let him fast for one day and one night.
78. (Or) he may go to bathe (with the priests) at the end of an A-rvamedha (horse-sacrifice).
79. Or he may offer a Vratya-stoma.
71-73. VisbmXXVII, 26.
74. Vishmi XXVII, 27. Savitrf, literally 'the Rik sacred to Savitr*' (Rig-veda III, 62, 10), means here 'the initiation/ see Gautama I, 12 note.
75. Apastamba I, i, r, 28. The plural viv&hayeyuA, 'let them (not) form matrimonial alliances,' indicates that orthodox Br£h- ma«as must neither give their daughters to Patitasdvitrfkas nor take the daughters of such persons.
78. Gautama XIX, 9. 79. Gautama XIX, 8.
Xii, 8. Duties of a Snataka. 59
CHAPTER XII.
1. Now, therefore, the duties of a Snataka (will be explained).
2. Let him not beg from anybody except from a king and a pupil.
3. But let him ask, if pressed by hunger, for
some (small gift) only, a cultivated or uncultivated
field, a cow, a goat or a sheep, (or) at the last
extremity, for gold, grain or food*
4. But the injunction (given by those who know
the law) is, 'A Snataka shall not be faint with
hunger.'
5. Let him not dwell together with a person whose clothes are foul ;
6. (Let him not cohabit) with a woman during her courses,
7. Nor with an unfit one.
8. Let him not be a stay-at-home.
XII. i. 'Now* marks the beginning of a new topic. ' There- fore,' i. e. because the duties of a Sna'taka have to be taught after those of a student.
2. Manu IV, 33 ; Gautama IX, 63.
3. Manu X, 113-114. 4. Manu IV, 34 ; Vishnu III, 79.
5. Krzsh«apa«<fita, whom I have followed in the translation of this Sutra, thinks that it indicates the obligation of wearing clean clothes, see e. g. Vishmi LXXI, 9. It seems to me, however, probable that its real sense is, ' Let him not cohabit with a woman during her courses,' and that the next Sutra has to be read nara^a- svalayd, ' Nor with one of immature age.'
7. 'An unfit one,' i. e. ' one of low caste' (hina"). — Kn'sto*apa«- tfite. Probably a sick wife is meant, Gautama IX, 28.
8. Gautama IX, 53. Krz'shwapaw<fita gives besides the above interpretation of the Sutra from Haradatta's Gautamiya" MitdksharS, another one, according to which it means, ' Let him not forsake his own family and enter another one (by adoption and so forth).' A third
60 VASISHTff A. XII, 9.
9. Let him not step over a stretched rope to which a calf (or cow) is tied.
10. Let him not look at the sun when he rises or sets,
n. Let him not void excrements or urine in water,
12. Nor spit into it
1 3. Let him ease himself, after wrapping up his
head and covering the ground with grass that is not
fit to be used at a sacrifice, and turning towards the
north in the day-time, turning towards the south at
night, sitting with his face towards the north in the
twilight.
14. Now they quote also (the following verses):
' But Snatakas shall always wear a lower garment
and an upper one, two sacrificial threads, (shall carry)
a staff and a vessel filled with water/
15. 'It is declared, that (a vessel becomes) pure
(if cleaned) with water, or with the hand, or with a
stick, or with fire. Therefore he shall clean (his)
vessel with water and with his (right) hand/
16. ' For Manu, the lord of created beings, calls (this mode of cleaning) encircling it with fire/
1 7. ' He who is perfectly acquainted with (the
rules of) purification shall sip water (out of this
vessel), after he has relieved the necessities of
nature/
1 8. Let him eat his food facing the east.
explanation is given by Narayawa on .Sahkhayana Gr/hya-sutra IV, 12, n, who takes it to mean, 'Let him not go from one house to the other.'
9. Gautama IX, 52 ; Vishnu LXII1, 42.
10. Visbmi LXXI, 17-18. n-ra. Vishmi LXXI, 35.
13. Gautama IX, 37-38, 41-43; Vish#u LX, 2-3.
14. Vishwi LXXI, 13-15. 18. Vishwu LXVIII, 40.
XII, 3i. DUTIES OF A SNATAKA. 6 1
19. Silently let him swallow the entire mouthful,
(introducing it into the mouth) with the four fingers
and with the thumb ;
20. And let him not make a noise (while eating).
21. Let him approach his wife in the proper season, except on the Parva days.
22. Let him not commit a crime against nature (with her).
' The ancestors of a man who commits an unnatural
crime with a wedded wife, feed during that month
on his semen. All unnatural intercourse is against
the sacred law/
24. It is also declared in the Kanaka, ' (When)
the women (asked) Indra, <v May even those among
us, who are soon to be mothers, (be allowed to)
cohabit with their husbands," he granted that wish/
25. Let him not ascend a tree,
26. Let him not descend into a well.
2 7. Let him not blow the fire with his mouth. 28. Let him not pass between a fire and a Brah-
29. Nor between two fires ;
30. Nor between two Brahmarcas ; or (he may do it) after having asked for permission.
31. Let him not dine together with his wife. For
it is declared in the Va^asaneyaka, ' His children
will be destitute of manly vigour/
19. Kr/sh»apa«rfita thinks that this rule refers to the first five mouthfuls only.
ai. Vishwu LXIX, i. The Parva days are the eighth, four- teenth, and fifteenth of each half-month.
25-27. Gautama IX, 32. 28. Apastamba II, 5, 12, 6.
30. Apastamba II, 5, 12, 7-8.
31. .Satapatha-brahmana X, 5, 2, 9 ; Vishnu LXV1II, 46.
62 VASISHFSA. XII, 32.
32. Let him not point out (a rainbow calling it) by (its proper)- name, ' Indra's bow.'
33. Let him call it 'the jewelled bow' (ma»i- dhanu^).
34. Let him avoid seats, clogs, sticks for cleaning
the teeth, (and other implements) made of Palara
wood.
35. Let him not eat (food placed) in his lap.
36. Let him not eat (food placed) on a chair.
37. Let him carry a staff of bamboo,
38. And (wear) two golden earrings.
39. Let him not wear any visible wreath except- ing a golden one ;
40. And let him disdain assemblies and crowds.
41. Now they quote also (the following verse) :
' To deny the authority of the Vedas, to carp at the
teaching of the ffishis, to waver with respect to any
(matter of duty), that is to destroy one's soul.'
42. Let him not go to a sacrifice except if he is
chosen (to be an officiating priest. But) if he goes,
he must, on returning home, turn his right hand
(towards the place).
43. Let him not set out on a journey when the sun stands over the trees.
32-33. Gautama IX, 22, 34. Gautama IX, 44.
35. Vishnu LXVIII, 21. 36. Gautama IX, 32.
37. Vishnu LXXI, 13. 38. Vishnu LXXI, 16.
39. Gautama IX, 32.
40. "I read sabhasamav&ya/w.s^ava^ayeta. The corrupt read- ings of Bh. samavaya\y£a ^aviyan and of F. samavayawj^a vakshi- yanna point to this version, the sense of which agrees with the parallel passages of other Smr/tis, see e. g. Apastamba 1, 1 1, 32, 19,
41. Vishnu LXXI, 83. 42. Gautama IX, 54-55, 66. 43. Vishnu LXIII, 9. According to K/Yshnapawdta the time
intended is midday.
Xiii, 5. the Study of the Veda. 63
44. Let him not ascend an unsafe boat, or (any unsafe conveyance).
45. Let him not cross a river, swimming.
46. When he has risen in the last watch (of the
night) and has recited (the Veda) he shall not lie
down again.
47. In the Muhurta sacred to Pra^pati a Brdhma»a shall fulfil some sacred duties.
Chapter Xi I L
1. Now, therefore, the Upakarman (or\ .die rite
preparatory to the study) of the Veda (must be per-
formed) on the full moon day of the month 6rava#a
or Praush/^apada.
2. Having kindled the sacred fire, he offers (therein) unground (rice) grains,
3. To the gods, to the ./frshis, and to the A^andas.
4. Let them begin to study the Vedas, after
having made Brahmawas (invited for the purpose)
wish ' welfare ' (svasti), and after having fed them
with sour milk,
5. (And continue the Veda -study) during four
44. Vishnu LXIII, 47.
45. Vishmi LXIII, 46. Kr;sh»apa«^ta omits this Sutra which is found in the majority of the MSS.
46. Apastamba I, u, 32, 15; Vishwu XXX, 27.
47. Manu IV, 92 ; Vish«u LX, i. The Muhurta sacred to
Pra^apati is the same as the Brdhma-muhurta, and falls in the last
watch of the night.
XIII. i. Vishmi XXX, i. .Sravawa, July-August. PraushMa-
pada, i. e. Bhddrapada, August-September. Krz'sh«apa«<fita im-
properly combines this Sutra with the next.
