13. According to Haradatta the word id, which appears in the text at the end of the enumeration, is intended to include other similar kinds of food, as ' the five products of the cow/ Eating gold means eating small particles of gold which have been thrown into clarified butter and the like.
14. The word iti used in the text is, according to Haradatta, again to be taken in the sense of ' and so forth.' The translation of parishkanda, ' a temple/ not parishkandha, as Professor Sleazier
Xx, I. Penances. 277
15. Continence, speaking the truth, bathing morn-
ing, noon, and evening, standing in wet clothes,
sleeping on the ground, and fasting (are the various
kinds of) austerity.
1 6. Gold, a cow, a dress, a horse, land, sesamum,
clarified butter, and food are the gifts (which destroy
sin).
17. A year, six months, four (months), three
(months), two (months), one (month), twenty-four
days, twelve days, six days, three days, a day and
a night are the periods (for penances).
1 8. These (acts) may be optionally performed when no (particular penance) has been prescribed,
19. (Viz.) for great sins difficult (penatnces), and for trivial faults easy ones.
20. The Y^rikkhvaL. and the Atikr//^^ra, (as
well as) the Alandrayawa, are penances for all
(offences).
CHAPTER XX.
i. Let him cast off a father who assassinates a king, who sacrifices for .Sudras, who sacrifices for
reads, is based on Haradatta's explanation. Etymologically it seems to mean ' a place for circumambulation/ and to denote the platform on which the temples usually stand, and which is used for the Pradakshi«a ceremony.
15. The word iti in the text is explained as in the preceding Sutras.
1 8. These (acts), i.e. the recitation of the Veda and so forth, which have been enumerated above, Sutras n— 16.
20. Regarding these penances, see chapters XXVI and XX VII. Haradaita again takes the word iti, which occurs in the text, to include other difficult penances.
XX. i. Haradatta remarks that the father is mentioned here, in order to indicate that other less venerable relatives must certainly
278 GAUTAMA. XX. 2.
his own sake (accepting) money from ^SYidras, who
divulges the Veda (to persons not authorised to
study it), who kills a learned Brahmawa, who dwells
with men of the lowest castes, or (cohabits) with a
female of one of the lowest castes.
2. Having assembled the (sinner's) spiritual Gurus
and the relatives by marriage, (the sons and other
kinsmen) shall perform (for him) all the funeral
rites, the first of which is the libation of water,
3. And (afterwards) they shall overturn his water- vessel (in the following manner) :
4. A slave or a hired servant shall fetch an
impure vessel from a dust-heap, fill it (with water
taken) from the pot of a female slave and, his face
turned towards the south, upset it with his foot,
pronouncing (the sinner's) name (and saying) : ' I
deprive N. N. of water.'
5. All (the kinsmen) shall touch him (the slave)
passing their sacrificial cords over the right shoulder
and under the left arm, and untying the locks on
their heads.
6. The spiritual Gurus and the relatives by marriage shall look on.
7. Having bathed, they (all shall) enter the village.
8. He who afterwards unintentionally speaks to
also be abandoned. He also states that bhrurcahan, ' he who slays a learned Brahmana/ includes sinners who have committed other mortal sins (mahapataka), see XXI, i.
2. Manu XI, 183-185; Ya^avalkya III, 295. The spiritual
Gurus, i. e. the teacher who initiated him (a^arya) and those who
instructed him in the Veda (upidhyaya).
8. Manu XI, 185.
Xx, 17- Penances. 279
the (outcast sinner) shall stand, during one night, reciting the Savitri.
9. If he intentionally (converses with the out-
cast, he must perform the same penance) for three
nights.
10. But if an (outcast sinner) is purified by
(performing) a penance, (his kinsmen) shall, after
he has become pure, fill a golden vessel (with water)
from a very holy lake or a river, and make him
bathe in water (taken) from that (vessel).
1 1. Then they shall give him that vessel and he,
after taking it, shall mutter (the following Mantras) :
' Cleansed is the sky, cleansed is the earth, cleansed
and auspicious is the middle sphere ; I here take
that which is brilliant.'
1 2. Let him offer clarified butter, (reciting) these
Ya/iis formulas, the Pavamanls, the Taratsamandis,
and the Kushma/wfas.
13. Let him present gold or a cow to a Brah- mawa,
14. And to his teacher.
15. But he, whose penance lasts for his (whole) lifetime, will be purified after death.
1 6. Let (his kinsmen) perform for him all the
funeral rites, the first of which is the libation of
water.
17. This same (ceremony of bathing in) water
10. Manu XI, 187-188 ; Ya^avalkya III, 296.
11. As appears from Gobhila Gr/hya-sutra III, 4, 16, the noun to be understood is apam a%ali/fr, ' a handful of water.'
12. Haradatta refers the term Pavamanis here to Taittiriya- brahmawa I, 4, 8. The Taratsamandfs are found Rig-veda IX, 58.
17. ' " Water (consecrated) for the sake of purification " means
280 GAUTAMA. XXI, I.
consecrated for the sake of purification (must be
performed) in the case of all minor offences (upapa-
takas).
CHAPTER XXI.
1. The murderer of a Brahma^a, he who drinks
spirituous liquor, the violator of a Guru's bed, he
who has connection with the female relatives of his
mother and of his father (within six degrees) or with
sisters and their female offspring, he who steals (the
gold of a Brahmawa), an atheist, he who constantly
repeats blamable acts, he who does not cast off
persons guilty ot" a crime causing loss of .caste,
and he who forsakes blameless (relatives), become
outcasts,
2. Likewise those who instigate others to acts causing loss of caste,
3. And he who for a (whole) year associates with outcasts.
4. To be an outcast means to be deprived of
the right to follow the lawful occupations of twice-
born men,
5. And to be deprived after death of the rewards of meritorious deeds.
water consecrated by the formulas, " Cleansed is the earth," &c.'— Haradatta.
XXI. i. Apastamba I, 7, 21, 7-9, n ; I, 9, 24, 6-9; Manu XI, 35 > Ya^«avalkya III, 227. Guru, i.e. a father or spiritual teacher. The term yonisambandha, ' sisters and their female offspring/ seems to be used here in a sense different from that which it has III, 3 ; XIV, 20; and XIX, 20. It may possibly include also daughters- in-law.
2. Apastamba II, n, 29, i.
3. Manu IX, 181; Ya^wavalkya III, 261.
XXI, ii. PENANCES. 28 1
6. Some call (this condition) hell.
7. Manu (declares, that) the first three (crimes, named above) cannot be expiated.
8. Some (declare, that a man) does not become
an outcast (by having connection) with female (rela-
tives), except (when he violates) a Guru's bed.
9. A woman becomes an outcast by procuring
abortion, by connection with a (man of) lower (caste)
and (the like heinous crimes).
10. Giving false evidence, calumnies which will
reach (the ears of) the king, an untrue accusation
brought against a Guru (are acts) equal' to mortal
sins (mahipataka).
11. (The guilt of a) minor offence (npapataka)
rests on those who (have been declared to) defile
the company (at a funeral dinner and have been
named above) before the bald man, on killers of kine,
those who forget the Veda, those who pronounce
Vedic texts for the (last-mentioned sinners), students
7. Apastamba I, 9, 24, 24-25; I, 9, 25, 1-3 ; Manu XI, 90-92, 104-105. The 'penances' prescribed are equal to a sentence of death.
8. Apastamba I, 7, 21, 10.
9. Ya^wavalkya III, 298. 'On account of the word "and," by slaying a Brahmawa and similar crimes also. Another (com- mentator) says, '' A woman who serves the slayer of a learned Brahma«a or a man of lower caste, i. e. becomes his wife, loses her caste. On account of the word ' and ' the same happens in case she kills a Brahimwa or commits a similarly heinous crime. The slayer of a Brahmawa is mentioned in order to include (all) outcasts." ' — Haradatta.
10. Manu XI, 56-57; Y%wavalkya III, 228-229.
11. Manu XI, 60-67; Y%wavalkya III, 234-242; Apastamba
I, 7, 21, 12-17, 19- The persons who defile the company are
enumerated above, XV, 16-18.
282 GAUTAMA. XXI, 12.
who break the vow of chastity, and those who allow the time for the initiation to pass.
12. An officiating priest must be forsaken, if he
is ignorant (of the rules of the sacrifice), a teacher,
if he does not impart instruction, and (both) if they
commit crimes causing loss of caste.
13. He who forsakes (them) under any other circumstances, becomes an outcast.
14. Some declare, that he, also, who receives (a
person who has unjustly forsaken his priest or
teacher, becomes an outcast).
15. The mother and the father must not be treated improperly under any circumstances.
1 6. But (the sons) shall not take their property.
17. By accusing a Brihmawa of a crime (the ac- cuser commits) a sin equal (to that of the accused).
1 8. If (the accused is) innocent, (the accuser's
guilt is) twice (as great as that of the crime which
he imputed to the other).
19. And he who, though able to rescue a weak
man from injury, (does) not (do it, incurs as much
guilt as he who injures the other).
20. He who in anger raises (his hand or a weapon)
12. Apastamba I, 2, 4, 26; I, 2, 7, 26 ; I, 2, 8, 27. Haradatta asserts that, as the desertion of sinners has been prescribed above, XX, i, the expression pataniyasevSydm must here mean 'if they associate with outcasts.' The former rule refers, however, to blood relations only, and our Sutra may be intended to extend it to spiritual relations.
15. Apastamba I, 10, 28, 9-10. The meaning is that parents, though they have become outcasts, must be provided with the necessaries of life.
1 6. Haradatta adds that their property goes to the king.
17. Apastamba I, 7, 21, 20. 18. Ya^avalkya III, 285. 20-21. Manu XI, 207; Ya^wavalkya III, 293. According to
Xxii. 5« Penances. 283
against a Brahmawa, will be banished from heaven for a hundred years,
21. If he strikes, (he will lose heaven) for a thousand (years),
22. If blood flows, (he will lose heaven) for a
number of years equal to (that of the particles of)
dust which the spilt (blood) binds together.
CHAPTER XXII.
J. (Now follows the description of the) penances.
2. He who has (intentionally) slain a Brahmawa
shall emaciate himself, and thrice throw himself into
a fire,
3. Or he may become in battle a target for armed men,
4. Or, remaining chaste, he may, during twelve
years, enter the village (only) for the purpose of
begging, carrying the foot of a bedstead and a
skull in his hand and proclaiming his deed.
5. If he meets an Arya, he shall step out of the road.
Haradatta the word asvargyam, ' will be banished from or lose heaven/ may either mean that a hundred years' residence in heaven will be deducted from the rewards for his meritorious deeds, or that he will reside in hell for the period specified.
22. Manu XI, 208; Ya^wavalkya III, 293.
XXII. i. The text of the Sutra consists of the single word ' penance ' in the singular, which, being the adhikara or heading, must be taken with each of the following Sutras down to the end of chapter XXIII.
2. Manu XI, 74. 3. Apastamba I, 9, 25, n.
4. Apastamba I, 9, 24, 11-20. Haradatta says, ' the foot of a bedstead' (kha/vinga) is known in the case of the Pa^upatas, and indicates thereby that he interprets the term to mean 'a club shaped like the foot of a bedstead,' which the Pampatas wear.
5. Apastamba I, 9, 24, 13.
284 GAUTAMA. XXII, 6.
6. Standing by clay, sitting at night, and bathing
in the morning, at noon, and in the evening, he may
be purified (after twelve years),
7. Or by saving the life of a Brahma#a,
8. Or if he is, at least, thrice vanquished in
(trying to recover) the property (of a Brahma na.)
stolen (by robbers),
9. Or by bathing (with the priests) at (the end of) a horse-sacrifice,
10. Or at (the end of) any other (Vedic) sacrifice,
provided that an Aguish Ait (sacrifice) forms part
of it.
11. (The same penances must be performed)
even if he has attempted the life of a Brahmawa,
but failed to kill him,
12. Likewise if he has killed a female (of the
Brahma^a caste) who had bathed after temporary
uncleanness,
1 3. Also for (destroying) the embryo of a Brah- mawa, though (its sex) may be not distinguishable.
14. For (intentionally) killing a Kshatriya the normal vow of continence (must be kept) for six
