7. He shall speak the truth.
8. He shall not converse with anybody but Aryans.
9. He shall daily sing the two (Samans called) Raurava and Yaudha^aya.
10. He shall bathe in the morning, at noon, and
in the evening, reciting the three (verses which
begin) ' For ye waters are,' and he shall dry himself
reciting the eight purificatory (verses which begin)
' The golden-coloured.'
11. Next (he shall offer) libations of water.
12. Adoration to him who creates self-conscious-
ness, who creates matter, who gives gifts, who de-
stroys (sin), who performs penance, to Punarvasu,
adoration.
3-3. Samavidhana I, 2, 3.
6. Samavidhana I, 2, 4.
7-1 1. Samavidhana I, 2, 5. Aryans, i.e. Brahmawas, Ksha- triyas, and Vaii'yas. Regarding the Samans and Mantras, see notes to Burnell's edition of the Samavidhana, and above, XXV, 7. Haradatta remarks that in the Taitt. Sawh. (V, 6, i) the Mantras beginning 'The golden-colom-ed' are ten in number, and adds that ' if in some other -5'akha eight are found, those must be taken.'
12. Samavidhana I, 2, 5, M'here, however, only four Mantras are given instead of our thirteen. The epithets given to the deity in the Samavidhana can all be referred to the Sun, provided he is
294 GAUTAMA. XXVI, 12.
Adoration to him who is worthy of (offerings)
consisting of Mufi^a grass, who is worthy of (offer-
ings of) water, who conquers weakh, to him who
conquers the universe, adoration.
Adoration to him who gives success, who gives
full success, who gives great success, to him who car-
ries (all undertakings) to a successful issue, adoration.
Adoration to Rudra, the lord of cattle, the great
god, the triocular, solitary, supreme lord Hari, to
dread ^'arva, to Isam. who carries the thunderbolt,
to the fierce wearer of matted locks, adoration.
Adoration to the Sun, to Aditi's offspring, adora- tion.
Adoration to him whose neck is blue, to him whose throat is dark-blue, adoration.
Adoration to the black one, to the brown one, adoration.
Adoration to Indra, the first-born, the best, the ancient, to chaste Harikei^a, adoration.
Adoration to the truthful purifier, to fire-coloured Kama, who changes his form at pleasure, adoration.
Adoration to the brilliant one, to him whose form is brilliant, adoration.
identified with the universal soul, while in the above SCitra, Rudra and Indra have been introduced. It cannot be doubtful that the Samavidhana gives an older and more authentic form of the prayer. My translation of the epithets, which are found in the Samavidhana also, follows Sayawa's gloss. Haradatta does not explain them. About Sobhya in the twelfth Mantra, which possibly might mean, ' he who dwells in a mirage, i. e. the Sawsara,' I feel doubtful. My MSS. read somya, and the Samavidhana has saumya in the second Mantra. But I am unwilling to alter the word, as Professor Stenzler's reading may have been derived from a South-Indian MS., where bhya and mya do not resemble each other so much as in the Devanagari characters.
Xxvi, 21. Penances. 295
Adoration to the fierce one, to him whose form is fierce, adoration. '-
Adoration to Sobhya, the beautiful, the great
male, the middle male, the highest male, to the
student of the Veda, adoration.
Adoration to him who wears the moon on his forehead, to him whose garment is a skin, adoration.
13. The worship of Aditya (the sun) must be performed with the same (texts).
14. Offerings of clarified butter (must be made with the help of) the same (texts).
15. At the end of the period of twelve days he
shall boil rice and make offerings to the following
deities,
16. (Viz.) to Agni svaha, to Soma svaha, to Agni
and Soma (conjointly), to Indra and Agni (con-
jointly), to Indra, to all the gods, to Brahman, to
Pra^apati, (and) to Agni Svish/akm.
17. Afterwards (he must feed) Brahma;/as.
18. By the above (rules) the AtikriMAra. (or exceedingly difficult) penance has been explained.
19. (But when he performs that), he shall eat (only) as much as he can take at one (mouthful).
20. The third (Ky'tMAra.) is that where water
is the (only) food, and it is called Krt'^^Arat'i-
kri^^/ira, (or the most difficult penance).
21. He who has performed the first of these
(three) becomes pure, sanctified, and worthy (to
follow) the occupations (of his caste).
13-17. Samavidhana I, 2, 5.
18. Samavidhana I, 2, 6.
19. Samavidhana I, 2, 7; IManu XI, 214; Ya^iiavalkya III, 320.
20. Samavidhana I, 2, 8 ; Ya^iiavalkya III, 321. 21-23. Samavidhana I, 2, 9.
296 GAUTAMA. XXVI, 22.
22. He who has performed the second is freed
from all sins which he commits, excepting mortal
sins (mahapataka).
23. He who has performed the third, removes all guilt. '
24. Now he w^ho performs these three \\.rikkhrd.s
becomes perfect in all the Vedas, and known to all
the gods ;
25. Likewise he who knows this.
Chapter XXV H.
1. Now, therefore, the A'andraya;^a (or lunar penance will be described).
2. The (general) rules prescribed for a ¥^rikkhx2. (are applicable) to that.
3. (The hair must be) shaved, in case it (is per- formed as) a penance.
4. He shall fast on the day preceding the full moon.
5. And (he shall offer) libations (of water), obla-
tions of clarified butter, consecrate the sacrificial
viands, and worship the moon, reciting these (r//6as),
' Increase' (Rig-veda I, 91, 17), 'May milk be joined
with thee' (Rig-veda I, 91, 18, and) 'Ever new'
(Rig-veda X, 85, 19).
24-25. Samavidhana I, 2, 10. Sarveshu vedeshu snata/^, 'perfect in all the Vedas,' means, literally, equal to a student who has bathed after completing the study of all the four Vedas.
XXVII. 2. The rules meant particularly are those given XXVI, 6-1 1.
3. ' He calls penance vrata.' — Haradatta.
5. ' The four religious acts, the first of which is the offering of libations, are to be performed with the help of the three sacred texts, the first of which begins " Increase." As the number (of the acts and of the verses) does not agree, the fire-oblations and the
Xxvii, 9- Penances. 297
6. He shall offer (clarified butter), reciting the four (r//('as beginning) ' Yad deva devahert'anam,'
7. And at the end (of the offering of clarified
butter he shall offer) pieces of sacred fuel, reciting
(the texts beginning) ' Devakr/tasya.'
8. Each mouthful of food must be consecrated
by the mental recitations (of one) of the following
(words) : Om, bliM, bhuva//, sva/^, truth, fame,
prosperity, vigour, refreshment, strength, lustre,
soul, law, KSiva.
9. Or (he may consecrate) all (of them at once, saying), Adoration svaha.
libations of water must be performed severally, each with one text, and the consecration (of the offerings) and the worship (of the moon must be performed with all of them) together.' — Haradatta.
6. ' He shall offer — as nothing is specified — clarified butter, with the first four rikzs, of the Anuvaka 'Yad deva devahea'anam.' Counting the three mentioned above (Sutra 5), altogether seven oblations of clarified butter must be made.' — Haradatta.
7. 'On completion of the oblations of clarified butter, he shall offer pieces of sacred fuel, reciting the eight sacred texts, which begin " Devakntasya," and have been mentioned above (XXV, 10). The word "completion" (anta) is merely a con- firmation of something established, because (the place of the offering) is already fixed by the place of the rule. But others explain the word " ante " to mean " at the end of the ^andra- ya«a." The word " and " does not agree with their (opinion).' — Haradatta.
8. Haradatta observes that on the days when the performer eats less than fifteen mouthfuls, the later mentioned texts must be left out, and that, while eating, the performer must employ the Pra;/ahuti INTantras (Apastamba II, 1,1, 2 note). He concludes by giving the following prayoga for the performance of the ceremony : ' He places all the food in his dish, and consecrates it by the texts " Increase," &c. Next he divides it into mouthfuls, and consecrates each successively with the word Om and the rest, and eats them, reciting the texts for the Pra;/ahutis.'
9. Haradatta states that either of the two words may be used
29S GAUTAMA. XXVII,' 10.
10. The size of a mouthful (shall be such) as not to cause a distortion of the mouth (in swallowing it).
1 1 . The sacrificial viands are, boiled rice, food
obtained by begging, ground barley, grain separated
from the husk, barley-gruel, vegetables, milk, sour
milk, clarified butter, roots, fruits, and water; (among
these) each succeeding one is preferable (to those
enumerated earlier).
12. He shall eat on the day of the full moon
fifteen mouthfuls, and during the dark half (of the
month) daily diminish his portion by one (mouthful).
13. He shall fast on the day of the new moon,
and during the bright half (of the month) daily in-
crease (his portion) by one (mouthful).
14. According to some (the order shall be) in- verted.
15. That (is called) a month, occupied by the ATandraya/^a penance.
16. He who has completed that, becomes free from sin and free from crime, and destroys all guilt.
17. He who has completed a second (month, living according to that rule), sanctifies himself, ten
in consecrating all the mouthfuls, but that others think, both should be used.
10. Ya^iiavalkya III, 324.
11. The term 'sacrificial viands' denotes here, according to Haradatta, the food eaten by the performer, which, like that eaten by the performer of a Krikkhx^., must be havishya, 'fit for an offering,' see above, XXVI, 2. Haradatta adds that, as a G/-/hastha must not beg, the food obtained by begging must have been collected by his pupils, and that liquid food must be used for the expiation of the more serious offences.
12. Manu XI, 217-218; Ya^iiavalkya III, 324-325.
14. I. e. the performer may begin with the fast on the day of the new moon.
Xxviit, 5. Inheritance. 299
ancestors, and ten descendants, as well as (any) company (to which he may be invited) ;
18. And he who has lived for a year (according
to that rule), dwells (after death) in the world of the
moon.
Chapter XXVIII.
1. After the father's death let the sons divide his estate,
2. Or, during his lifetime, when the mother is past child-bearing, if he desires it,
3. Or the whole (estate may go) to the first-born; (and) he shall support (the rest) as a father.
4. But in partition there is an increase of spiritual merit.
5. (The additional share) of the eldest (son con- sists of) a twentieth part (of the estate), a male and
18. Manu XI, 221 ; Ya^ilavalkya III, 327.
XXVIII. 1. Colebrooke, Dayabhaga II, 4; Mitakshara I, 2, 7 ; V, Digest 20; Mayukha IV, 4, 3. Haradatta remarks that, accord- ing to Gautama, the sons alone shall divide the estate, and that the mother is not to receive a share, as other teachers, e.g. Ya§-navalkya II, 123, prescribe. Apastamba II, 6, 13, 2; Manu IX, 104; Y%iia- valkya II, 117.
2. Colebrooke and Mayukha loc. cit. 'Or the sons may divide the estate even during the lifetime of the father ; when he desires it, i. e. by his permission. The time for such a (division is) when the mother is past child-bearing.' — Haradatta. The correctness of this interpretation of our SQtra is corroborated by the exclusion of sons who have divided the family estate against the father's will (XV, 19) from the -S'raddha dinner. Apastamba II, 6, 14, i.
3. Colebrooke, Dayabhaga III, i, 15; Manu IX, 105.
4. Colebrooke, Dayabhaga III, i, 14; V, Digest 47. After division each brother has to perform the Vaijvadeva and the other domestic ceremonies separately, while in a united family they are performed by the eldest brother. Thus a division of the family estate causes an increase of spiritual merit; see also Manu IX, 1 1 1.
5. Colebrooke, Dayabhaga 11,37; ^> Digest 4 7 ; Manu IX, 1 1 2 .
300 GAUTAMA. XXVIII, 6.
a female (of animals with one row of front teeth,
such as cows), a carriage yoked with animals that
have two rows of front teeth, (and) a bull.
6. (The additional share) of the middlemost (con-
sists of) the one-eyed, old, hornless, and tailless
animals, if there are several.
7. (The additional share) of the youngest (con-
sists of) the sheep, grain,' the iron (utensils), a house,
a cart yoked (with oxen), and one of each kind of
(other) animals.
8. All the remaining (property shall be divided) equally.
9. Or let the eldest have two shares,
10. And the rest one each.
11. Or let them each take one kind of property, (selecting), according to seniority, what they desire,
6. Colebrooke 11. cit. ' And that (additional share is given), if of the one-eyed and the rest there are several, i. e. if the others also get (some).'
