24. Apastamba II, 7, 17, 20.
28. Apastamba II, 7, 17, 22.
29-30. Manu III, 132-137, 148-149,
XVI. I. Apastamba I, 3, 9, i. The Upakarman is the ceremony which is annually performed at the beginning of the course of study, and it is obligatory on householders also; see Apastamba II, 2, 5, I. ^/ianda?«si, 'the Vedic texts,' i.e. the Mantras and Brahmawas. The Ahgas may be studied out of term; see Apa- stamba I, 3, 9, 3 note.
Xvi, 13- the Study of the Veda. 257
(the full moon of) Bhadrapada (August-September) and study the Vedic texts,
2. During four months and a half, or during five
months, or as long as the sun moves towards the
south.
3. Let him remain chaste, let him not shave, nor eat flesh (during that period) ;
4. Or (this) restrictive rule may (be observed) during two months.
5. He shall' not recite the Veda, if the wind whirls up the dust in the day-time,
6. Nor if it is audible at ni^ht,
7. Nor if the sound of a Va;^a, of a large or a
small drum, the noise of a chariot, and the wail of
a person in pain (are heard),
8. Nor if the barking of many dogs and jackals, or the braying of many donkeys (is heard),
9. Nor if (the sky appears flaming) red, a rainbow (is seen), or hoar-frost (lies on the ground),
10. Nor if clouds rise out of season.
11. (Let him not study) when he feels the neces- sity to void urine or excrements,
12. Nor at midnight, in the twilight, and (while standing) in the water,
13. Nor while rain falls.
2. Apastamba I, 3, 9, 2-3.
3. This Sutra and the following one refer to a teacher or to a householder who again goes through the Veda ; see Apastamba II,
5-6. Apastamba I, 3, 11, 8.
7-8. Apastamba I, 3, 10, 17. A Va«a is a kind of lute', or harp, with a hundred strings.
9. Apastamba I, 3, 11, 25, 31.
10. Apastamba I, 3, 11, 31. 11. ]\Ianu IV, 109.
12. Apastamba I, 3, 11, 15, 17; Manu IV, 109.
13. Manu IV, 103.
258 GAUTAMA. XVI, 14.
14. Some (declare, that the recitation of the Veda
must be interrupted only) when (the rain) is dripping
from the edge of the roof.
15. (Nor shall he study) when the teachers (of
the gods and Asuras, i.e. the planets Jupiter and
Venus) are surrounded by a halo,
16. Nor (when this happens) to the two (great) lights (the sun and the moon),
17. (Nor) while he is in fear, riding in a carriage
or on beasts of burden, or lying down, nor while his
feet are raised,
18. (Nor) in a burial-ground, at the extremity of a village, on a high-road, nor during impurity,
19. Nor while a foul smell (is perceptible), while
a corpse or a A'a/^rt'ala (is) in (the village), nor in the
neighbourhood of a .Sudra,
20. Nor while (he suffers from) sour eructations.
2 1 . The J^i'g-veda and the Ya^ur-veda (shall not be studied) while the sound of the Samans (is heard).
22. The fall of a thunderbolt, an earthquake, an
eclipse, and (the fall of) meteors (are reasons for
discontinuing the reading of the Veda) until the
same time (next day),
23. Likewise when it thunders and rains and
15. 'Another (commentator says): " Pariveshawa, being sur- rounded by a halo, means bringing food." . . . (The Sutra means, therefore), He shall not study while his teacher eats.' — Haradatta.
16. Apastamba I, 3, 11, 31.
17. Apastamba I, 3, 9, 27; I, 3, 11, 12; Manu IV, 112; Ya^fiavalkya I, 150.
18. Apastamba I, 3, 9, 4, 6; I, 3, 10, 2, 4 ; I, 3, 11, 9.
19. Apastamba I, 3, 10, 22; I, 3, 9, 6, 14-15.
20. Apastamba I, 3, 10, 23. 21. Apastamba I, 3, 10, 17.
22. Apastamba I, 3, 11, 30.
23. Apastamba I 3, ir, 29; INIanu IV, 29.
Xvi, 29- the Study of the Veda. 259
when lightning (flashes out of season) after the fires have become visible (in the twilight).
24. (If these phenomena appear) during the
(rainy) season, (the reading must be interrupted)
for a day (or a night),
25. And if lightning (is observed) during the
night, (the recitation of the Veda shall be inter-
rupted) until the third watch.
26. If (lightning) flashes during the third part
of the day or later, (the Veda must not be read)
during the entire (following night).
27. (According to the opinion) of some, a fiery meteor (has the same effect) as lightning,
28. Likewise thunder (which is heard) during the last part of the day,
29. (Or) also in the twilight.
24. Apastamba I, 3, 9, 22. The above translation follows the reading of my MSS., which differ very much from Professor Stenzler's edition. According to them the commentary on the latter part of Sutra 23 and on Sutra 24 runs as follows: . . . pra- tyekam akalika anadhyayahetava^ I apartav idam I rz'tav aha U
Aha ie/TAU 11 24 \\
Varshartav ete yadi bhaveyu/2 sandhyaya?^ tadaharmatram ana- dhyaya/i 1 prataj-^et I sayawz tu ratrav anadhyaya ityarthasiddhatvad anuktam n . . . ' are each reasons for discontinuing the recita- tion until the same time next day. This (rule) refers to other times than the rainy season. He now declares (the rule) for the rainy season :
24. "During the (rainy) season for a day."
' If these (phenomena) happen in the twilight during the rainy season, the interruption of the study lasts for that day only, pro- vided (they happen) in the morning. But if they happen in the evening, study is forbidden during the night. As this is clear from the context, it has not been declared specially.' — Haradatta. I suspect that Professor Stenzler's reading apartau is a correction, made by an ingenious Pandit, of an old varia lectio ' ahartau ' for aha r/tau, which is found in one of my MSS. (C) also.
25. Apastamba I, 3, 9, 21.
26o GAUTAMA. XVI, 30.
30. (If thunder is heard before midnight, the
study of the Veda must be interrupted) during the
whole night.
31. (If it is heard) during the (early part of the)
day, (the interruption must continue) as long as the
sun shines,
32. Likewise if the king of the country has died.
33. If one (pupil) has gone on a journey (and)
another (stays) with (the teacher, the study of the
Veda shall be interrupted until the absentee re-
turns).
34. When an attack (is made on the village),
or a fire (breaks out), when one Veda has been
completed, after (an attack of) vomiting, when he
has partaken of a funeral repast or of a dinner on
the occasion of a sacrifice offered to men, (the study
of the Veda shall be interrupted) for a day and a
night,
35. Likewise on the day of the new moon.
36. (On the latter occasion it may also be inter- rupted) for two days.
37. (The Veda shall not be studied for a day
and a night) on the full moon days of the months
Kdrtika, Phalgu^za, and Asha^/^a.
30. Apastamba I, 3, 9, 23.
33. Apastamba I, 3, 11, 11. Haradatta adds that others enjoin a stoppage of the Veda-study from the hour of the de- parture until the same hour on the following day, while another commentator gives the following explanation : ' All, indeed, the teacher and the rest, shall, on that day, not even recite the Veda in order to remember it.'
34. Apastamba I, 3, 9, 25; I, 3, 10, 20, 26-28; I, 3, 11, 6, 30; Manu IV, 118. Haradatta is in doubt whether 'a sacrifice offered in honour of men ' means a Sa7?iskara, or a sacrifice to gods, like
Kumara, who formerly were men; see Apastamba I, 3, 11, 3. 36. Apastamba I, 3, 9, 28. 37. Apastamba I, 3, 10, i.
Xvi, 46. the Study of the Veda. 26 1
38. On the three Ash/akas (the Veda shall not be studied) for three (days and) nights.
39. Some (declare, that the rule applies) to the last Ash/aka (only).
40. (On the occasion of) the annual (Upakarman
and Utsarga the reading shall be interrupted) on
the day (of the ceremony) and those preceding and
following it.
41. All (teachers declare, that the reading shall
be interrupted for three days) when rain, thunder,
and lightning (are observed) simultaneously,
42. When the rain is very heavy, (the reading shall be interrupted as long as it lasts.)
43. On a festive day (the reading shall be stopped) after the (morning) meal,
44. And he who has begun to study (after the
Upakarman shall not read) at night for four
Muhurtas.
45. Some (declare, that the recitation of the Veda is) always (forbidden) in a town.
46. While he is impure (he shall) not even (recite the Veda) mentally.
38. Apastamba I, 3, 10, 2. Regarding the meaning of the word Ash/aka, see above, VIII, 18 note.
40. Apastamba I, 3, 10, 3. 41- Apastamba I, 3, 11, 27.
42. Apastamba I, 3, n, 28.
43. Haradatta explains 'a festive day' to mean the day of the inidation and the Uke, but see Apastamba I, 3, 11, 20.
44. Haradatta explains this Sutra as equivalent to Apastamba I, 3, 9, I. He adds that another commentator reads pradhitasya k-3. as a separate Sutra, interpreting it to mean, 'And a person who has performed the Upakarman (shall not study after dinner),' and refers the words 'at night for four Muhurtas' to the pro- hibition to read on the evening of the thirteenth day of the dark half of the month.
45. Manu IV, 116. 46. Apastamba I, 3- "^ 25.
262 GAUTAMA. XVI, 47.
47. (The study) of those who offer a funeral
sacrifice (must be interrupted) until the same time
next day,
48. Even if uncooked grain is offered at the funeral sacrifice.
49. And (those rules regarding the stoppage of
the reading must be observed), which they teach in
the several schools.
Chapter XVII.
1. A Brahma?^a may eat the food given by twice-
born men, who are praised for (the faithful perform-
ance of their) duties,
2. And he may accept (other gifts from them).
3. Fire-wood, water, grass, roots, fruits, honey,
(a promise of) safety, food brought unsolicited, a
couch, a seat, shelter, a carriage, milk, sour milk,
(roasted) grain, small fish, millet, a garland, venison,
and vegetables, (spontaneously offered by a man) of
any (caste) must not be refused,
4. Nor anything else (that may be required for
providing for (the worship of the) Manes and gods,
for Gurus and dependents.
5. If the means for sustaining life cannot (be
procured) otherwise, (they may be accepted) from a
^S^dra.
6. A herdsman, a husbandman, an acquaintance
47. Apastamba ibidem.
49. Apastamba I, 3, 11, 38. XVII. I. Apastamba I, 6, 18, 13.
3. Apastamba I, 6, 18, i; I, 6, 19, 14; Manu IV, 247-250.
4. Manu IV, 251. Gurus, i.e. parents and other venerable persons.
5. Apastamba I, 6, 18, 14.
6. Manu IV, 253; Ya^fiavalkya I, 166.
XVII, i6. EATING AND FORBIDDEN FOOD. 2 6
of the family, a barber, and a servant are persons whose food may be eaten,
7. And a trader, who is not (at the same time) an artisan.
8. (A householder) shall not eat every day (the food of strangers).
9. Food into which a hair or an insect has fallen (must not be eaten),
10. (Nor) what has been touched by a woman
during her courses, by a black bird, or with the
foot,
11. (Nor) what has been looked at by the mur- derer of a learned Brahma/^a,
12. (Nor) what has been smelt at by a cow,
13. (Nor) what is naturally bad,
14. Nor (food) that (has turned) sour by itself, excepting sour milk,
15. (Nor) what has been cooked twice,
16. (Nor) what (has become) stale (by being
7. E. g. a man who sells pots, but does not make them.
8. Manu III, 104; Y^uavalkya I, 112.
9. Apastamba I, 5, 16, 23, 26.
10. Apastamba I, 5, 16, 27, 29. Haradatta explains 'a black bird ' by ' a crow,' and no doubt the crow, as the Aaw^/ala among birds, is intended in the first instance.
11. IManu IV, 208 ; Y%iiavalkya I, 167.
12. Manu IV, 209; Ya^navalkya I, 168.
13. ' What has been given in a contemptuous manner by the host, or what is not pleasing to the eater, that is called bhava- dush/a, " naturally bad." ' — Haradatta. The second seems to be the right explanation, as food falling under the first is mentioned below, SiJtra 21.
14. Apastamba I, 5, 17, 28, 20.
15. Haradatta states that this rule does not refer to dishes the preparation of which requires a double cooking, but to those which ordinarily are cooked once only.
16. Apastamba I, 5, 17, 17. Haradatta says that food prepared
264 GAUTAMA. XVII, 17.
