23. ' The word upaspar.yana (literally touching) does not denote here simple touching. For below, Sutra 30, bathing with the clothes on, will be prescribed for that. What does upasparjana then mean? It means carrying out a corpse. For that an impurity lasting ten days falls on the performer, provided that carrying out be done for an object, i.e. with the intention of gaining a fee or the like, not for the sake of doing one's duty. The word impurity is here repeated in order to indicate that the impurity, here intended, differs from that described above. Hence the rules given below, Siitra 37, which prescribe sleeping and sitting on the ground and so forth, do not apply. (The word impurity) indicates (here) merely that (the performer of the act) must not be touched, and has no right (to perform sacred ceremonies).' — Haradatta.
25. Haradatta states that Gautama does not simply say ' six days,' because five seasons only are to be reckoned in the case of a Vaijya, and six in the case of a .Sudra.
28. Haradatta asserts that mnteshu, ' have died,' must be under- stood. But as both the preceding and the following Sutras refer to
250 GAUTAMA. XIV, 29.
29. And if a man of lower caste carries out (the
corpse of) one of higher caste, or a man of higher
caste (carries out the body of) one of lower caste,
(the duration of) the impurity in these (cases) is
determined by (the caste of) the dead man.
30. On touching an outcast, a A'a;^^ala, a woman
impure on account of her confinement, a w^oman in
her courses, or a corpse, and on touching persons
who have touched them, he shall purify himself by
bathing dressed in his clothes,
31. Likewise if he has followed a corpse (that was being carried out),
32. And (if he has come into contact) with a dog.
33. Some (declare), that (the limb) which (a dog) may touch (must be washed).
34. The Sapiz/rt'as shall offer (libations of) water
for (a deceased relative) whose A^'aula-karman (or
tonsure) has been performed,
35. As well as for the wives and daughters of such (a person).
2.6. Some (declare, that it must be done in the case) of married female relatives (also).
2.7. (During the period of impurity) all (the
the carrying out of corpses, it is impossible to agree with him. It seems to me that Gautama's rule means, that, if a man has carried out the corpse of a teacher, &c., he becomes impure for ten, eleven, or twelve days, or for three days only. See also JNIanu V, 91, 103; Ya^-navalkya III, 15.
30. Apastamba II, 2, 2, 8-9; Manu V, 85; Ya^navalkya III, 30.
31. ManuV, 103; Ya^ilavalkya III, 26. 32-33. Apastamba I, 5, 15, 16-17.
34. Apastamba II, 6, 15, 10; INIanu V, 70. Haradatta observes that most Gr/hya-sutras prescribe the performance of the A'aula- karman in the third year.
36. Ya^fiavalkya III, 4.
37. Manu V, 73; Y%-navalkya III, 16.
Xiv, 46. Impurity. 251
mourners) shall sleep and sit on the ground and remain chaste.
58. They shall not clean (themselves) ;
59. Nor shall they eat meat until (the funeral oblation) has been offered,
40. On the first, third, fifth, seventh, and ninth
(days after the death) water (mixed with sesamum)
must be offered ;
41. And the garments (worn during that cere- mony) must be changed,
42. But on the last (day they must be given) to men of the lowest castes.
43. The parents (shall offer water for a son who dies) after he has teethed.
44. If infants, (relatives) who live in a distant
country, those who have renounced domestic life,
and those who are not Sapi;^rt^as, (die), the purifica-
tion is instantaneous.
45. Kings (remain always pure), lest their busi- ness be impeded,
46. And a Brahma;m, lest his daily study of the Veda be interrupted.
39. ManuV, 73. 43- ManuV, 70.
44. Ya^uavalkya III, 23. Haradatta remarks that the rule refers to those Sapm^as residing in foreign countries only, of whose death one may hear a year after their decease, and to remoter relations of whose death one hears after the lapse of ten days; see ManuV, 75-76.
45. ManuV, 93-94; Ya^ilavalkya III, 27. Haradatta adds that the plural ' kings ' is used in order to include all rulers and governors, and such persons as the king wishes to be pure.
46. Ya^iiavalkya III, 28.
252 GAUTAMA. XV, i.
Chapter XV.
1. Now (follow the rules regarding) funeral obla- tions (KSraddha).
2. He shall offer (them) to the Manes on the day of the new moon,
3. Or in the dark half (of the month) after the fourth (lunar day),
4. Or on any day (of the dark half) according to (the results he may) desire ;
5. Or if (particularly appropriate) materials or
(particularly holy) Brahma;^as are at hand, or (the
sacrificer is) near a (particularly sacred) place, no
restriction as to time (need be observed) :
6. Let him select as good food as he can afford, and have it prepared as well as possible.
7. He shall feed an uneven number (of Brah- ma;^as), at least nine,
8. Or as many as he is able (to entertain).
9. (Let him feed such as are) 6'rotriyas and
XV. I. ' The word " now " indicates that a new topic begins.' — Haradatta. The rules now following refer in the first instance to the Parvawa or monthly 6'rdddha, but most of them serve also as general rules for all the numerous varieties of funeral sacrifices.
2. Manu III, '122; Ya_^riavalkya I, 217.
3. Apastamba II, 7, i6, 6.
4. Apastamba II, 7, 16, 6-22.
5. Some of the most famous among the places where the per- formance of a iSraddha is pardcularly efficacious and meritorious are Gaya in Bihar, Pushkara or Pokhar near A^mir, the Kuru- kshetra near Dehli, Nasika on the Godavari. Pilgrims or persons passing through such places may and must perform a -Sraddha on any day of the month.
7. Ya^Savalkya I, 227. 8. See also below, Sutra 21.
9. Apastamba II, 7, 17, 4. Haradatta explains vak, 'eloquence, by 'ability to speak Sanskrit,' riipa, 'beauty,' by 'the proper number of limbs,' and vaya/;sampanna,' of (suitable) age,' by 'not too young.'
XV, i6. FUNERAL OBLATIONS. 25^
endowed with eloquence and beauty, of a (suitable) age, and of a virtuous disposition.
10. It is preferable to give (food at a KSraddha) to young (men in the prime of life).
1 1 . Some (declare, that the age of the guests shall be) proportionate to (that of) the Manes.
12. And he shall not try to contract a friendship by an (invitation to a KS"raddha).
13. On failure of sons (the deceased person's)
Sapi;/^as, the Sapi;^^as of his mother, or a pupil
shall offer (the funeral oblations),
14. On failure of these an officiating priest or the teacher.
15. The Manes are satisfied for a month by
gifts of sesamum, Masha-beans, rice, barley, and
water,
For (three) years by fish and the flesh of common deer, spotted deer, hares, turtles, boars, and sheep.
For twelve years by cow's milk and messes made of milk.
For a very long time by the flesh of (the crane
called) Vardhri;^asa, by Ocymum sanctum (sacred
Basil), and by the flesh of goats, (especially) of a red
(he-goat), and of a rhinoceros, (if these dishes are)
mixed with honey.
16. Let him not feed a thief, a eunuch, an out-
cast, an atheist, a person who lives like an atheist,
the destroyer of the sacred fire, (the husband of) a
11. I. e. in honour of the father a young man is to be invited, in honour of the grandfather an old man, and in honour of the great-grandfather a very old man.
12. Apastamba II, 7, 17, 4, 8; Manu III, 140.
15. Apastamba II, 7, 16, 23-II, 7, 17, 3 ; II, 8, 18, 13.
16. Apastamba II, 7, 17, 21. 'A destroyer of the sacred fire (virahan), i. e. one who extinguishes intentionally the (domestic) fire
2 54 GAUTAMA. . XV, 17.
younger sister married before the eldei;, the hus-
band of an elder sister whose youngest sister was
married first, a person who sacrifices for women or
for a multitude of men, a man who tends goats,
who has given up the fire-worship, who drinks
spirituous liquor, whose conduct is blamable, who is
a false witness, who lives as a door-keeper ;
17. Whoso lives with another man's wife, and
the (husband) who allows that (must not be in-
vited) ;
t8. (Nor shall he feed) a man who eats the food
of a person born from adulterous intercourse, a
seller of Soma, an incendiary, a poisoner, a man who
during studentship has broken the vow of chastity,
who is the servant of a guild, who has intercourse
with females who must not be touched, who de-
lights in doing hurt, a younger brother married
before the elder brother, an elder brother married
after his younger brother, an elder brother whose
out of hatred against his wife, and for the like reasons.' — Haradatta. He also remarks that some read agredidhishu instead ofagredi- dhishu, and he proposes to explain the former, on the authority of Vyaghra and of the Naigha72/ukas, as ' a Brahmawa whose wife has been wedded before to another man.'
17. My MSS. make two Sutras out of Professor Stenzler's one, and read upapati// I yasya ka. sa/i. The sense remains the same, but the latter version of the text is, I think, the correct one.
18. Haradatta says that kwidasin may also mean ' he who eats out of a vessel called kwida.,' as the people have in some countries the habit of preparing their food and afterwards eating out of the kund^. Haradatta explains tyaktatman, ' one who despairs of himself,' by ' one who has made an attempt on his own life, and has tried to hang himself, and the like.' He remarks that some explain dur-vSla, 'a bald man,' by nirvesh/ita^epha. He who neglects the recitation of the sacred texts, i. e. of those texts which, like the Gayatri, ought to be recited.
Xv, 23- Funeral Oblations. 255
junior has kindled the sacred fire first, a younger
brother who has done that, a person who despairs
of himself, a bald man, a man who has deformed
nails, or black teeth, who suffers from white leprosy,
the son of a twice-married woman, a gambler, a
man who neglects the recitation (of the sacred
texts), a servant of the king, any one who uses
false weights and measures, whose only wife is a
.Sudra female, who neglects the daily study, who
suffers from spotted leprosy, a usurer, a person who
lives by trade or handicrafts, by the use of the bow,
by playing musical instruments, or, by beating time,
by dancing, and by singing ;
19. Nor, (sons) who have enforced a division of the family estate against the wish of their father.
20. Some (allow) pupils and kinsmen (to be in- vited).
21. Let him feed upwards of three (or) one
(guest) endowed with (particularly) excellent qua-
lities.
22. If he enters the bed of a ^'udra female im-
mediately after partaking of a funeral repast, his
ancestors will lie for a month in her ordure.
23. Therefore he shall remain chaste on that day.
19. Below, XXVIII, 2, it will be prescribed that the division of the family estate may take place during the lifetime of the father with his consent. From this Siitra it would appear that sons could enforce a division of the ancestral estate against his will, as Ya^ilavalkya also allows (see Colebrooke, Mitakshara I, 6, 5-1 1), and that this practice, though legal, was held to be contra bonos mofes.
20. Apastamba II, 7, 17, 5-6.
21. This Sutra, according to Haradatta, is intended as a modi- fication of Sutra 8.
22. Manu III, 250. 23. ManuIII, 188.
256 GAUTAMA. XV, 24.
24. If (a funeral offering) is looked at by dogs, A'a^^rt'a.las, or outcasts, it is blemished.
25. Therefore he shall offer it in an enclosed (place),
26. Or he shall scatter grains of sesamum over it,
27. Or a man who sanctifies the company shall remove the blemish.
28. Persons who sanctify the company are, any
one who knows the six Angas, who sings the 6^ye-
sh//2a-samans, who knows the three texts regarding
the NaZ'iketa-fire, who knows the text which con-
tains thrice the word Madhu, who knows the text
which thrice contains the word Supar/^a, who keeps
five fires, a Snataka, any one who knows the Man-
tras and Brahma7/as, who knows the sacred law,
and in whose family the study and teaching of the
Veda are hereditary.
29. (The same rule applies) to sacrifices offered to gods and men.
30. Some (forbid the invitation of) bald men and the rest to a funeral repast only.
Chapter XVI.
I. The annual (term for studying the Veda) be-
gins on the full moon of the month Sra.va.7ia. (July-
August) ; or let him perform the Upakarman on
