24. Haradatta tells the story to which the second half of the verse alludes, in the following manner : ' A certain 7?/shi had two pupils, called Dharmaprahradana and Kumalana. Once they brought from the forest two great bundles of firewood and threw them negligently into their teacher's house, without looking. One of the bundles struck the teacher's little son so that he died. Then the teacher asked his two pupils, " Which of you two has killed him ? " Both answered, " Not I, not I." Hereupon the teacher, being unable to (come to a decision in order to) send away the sinner and to keep the innocent one, called Death, and asked him, " Which of the two has killed the boy ? " Then Death, finding himself involved in a difficult law-question, began to weep, and giving his decision, said, " Oh Dharmaprahradana to Kumalana (the dative has the sense of the genitive), this sin is none of Kumalana's ! " Instead of declaring, " Dharmaprahradana, thou hast done this," he said, " The other did not do it." Still from the circumstances of the case it appeared that the meaning of the answer was, " The other has done it." " This was the decision which he gave crying." '
26. Manu IV, 77.
28. IManu IV, 70 and 71.
Ii, I, I. the Duties of a Householder. 99
Pra<sna II, Pat^ala 1, Khanda 1.
1. After marriage the rites prescribed for a house- holder and his wife (must be performed).
2. He shall eat at the two (appointed) times, (morning and evening.)
3. And he shall not eat to repletion.
4. And both (the householder and his wife) shall fast on (the days of) the new and full moon.
5. To eat once (on those days in the morning), that also is called fasting.
6. And they may eat (at that meal) until they are quite satisfied.
7. And on (the anniversary of ) that (wedding)-day they may eat that food of which they are fond.
1. I. According to Haradatta, this rule is intended to refute the opinion of those who hold that the sacred household-fire may be kept, and the prescribed offerings therein may be performed, either from the time of the marriage, or after the division of the family estate. He also states that the use of the dual gn'hame- dhino/? indicates that husband and wife must perform the rites conjointly. Manu III, 67.
2. Haradatta thinks that this Sutra is intended to prevent householders from having more than two meals a day, and to keep them from gluttony. Others are of opinion that its object is to keep householders from excessive fasting, and to make them perform the I'ra^/agnihotra at either meal. At the Pra«agnihotra the sacrificer eats five mouthfuls invoking successively, whilst he eats, the five vital airs. At the first mouthful he says, ' To Pra«a svaha;' at the second, ' To Apana svaha,' &c.
5. Asv. Gri. Su. I, 10, 2.
7. Haradatta holds that the words * on that day' do not refer to the days of the new and full moon, the Parva-days, mentioned in Sutra 4. His reasons are, firstly, that the permission to eat food, of which the householder may be particularly fond, has already been given in Sutra 6, by the term tn'ptUi, 'satisfaction;' and, secondly, that the singular ' on this day ' does not agree with the plural ' on the Parva-days.' Hence he comes to the conclusion
lOO APASTAMBA. II, r, I.
8. And (on the night of that day) they shall sleep on the ground (on a raised heap of earth).
9. And they shall avoid connubial intercourse.
10. And on the day after (that day) a Sthalipaka must be offered.
11. The manner in which that offerinof must be
performed has been declared by (the description of
the Sthalipaka) to be performed on the days of the
new and full moon (the Parva;/a).
12. And they declare (that this rite which is
known) amongst the people (must be performed)
every (year).
that the words ' on that day ' must refer to the wedding-day, mentioned in Sutra i, as well as to its anniversary. Haradatta is, probably, right in his explanation, though the reasons adduced here are very weak. A stronger reason for detaching this Siitra from Sutra 4 will be brought forward below, under Sutra 11. Maha- deva, the commentator of the Hirawyakexidharma, adopts the view rejected by Haradatta.
8. Asv. Gri. Su. I, 3, 10.
ro. A Sthalipaka is an offering at which rice cooked in a pot, sthali, is offered in the fire. A full description of this kind of sacrifice occurs, Ksv. Gri. Su. I, 10, i seq.
11. The Parva«a Sthalipaka has been described by Apastamba in the Gn'hya-sutra, Pa/ala 3. Again, Haradatta returns to the question whether the words on that day (Sutra 7) refer to the Parva-days, or the marriage-day and its anniversaries. He now adds, in favour of the latter view, that the word Parvawena, ' by the rite to be performed on Parva-days,' by which the Sthalipaka on Parva-days is intended, clearly proves the impossibility to refer the preceding rules to the Parva-days. He adds that some, nevertheless, adopt the explanation rejected by himself.
12. They, i.e. the ^ish/as, those learned in the law. 'Another commentator says, the rite which will be taught (in the following Sutra), and wliich is known from the usage of the learned, is constant, i. e. must be performed in every case. That it is what the " learned " declare.' — Haradatta. The latter explanation of the Sutra is adopted by Mahadeva.
II, I, I. THE DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER. lOI
13. At every (burnt-offering), when he wishes to
place the fire on the altar (called Stha/^^ila), let him
draw on that (altar) three lines from west to east
and three lines from south to north, and sprinkle
(the altar) with water, turning the palm of the hand
downwards, and let him then make the fire burn
brightly by adding (fuel).
14. He shall pour out (the remainder of) this water
used for sprinkling, to the north or to the east (of
the altar), and take other (water into the vessel).
15. The water-vessels in the house shall never
be empty; that is the duty to be observed by the
householder and his wife,
16. Let him not have connubial intercourse (with his wife) in the day-time.
1 7. But let him have connexion with his wife at the proper time, according to the rules (of the law).
18. Let him have connubial intercourse in the
interval also, if his wife (desires it, observing the
restrictions imposed by the law).
19. (The duty of) connubial intercourse (follows
from) the passage of a Brahma;^a, (' Let us dwell
together until a son be born.')
13. A^v. Qri. Su. I, 3, 1-3.
15. Haradatta states that the object of the repetition of the words ' the householder and his wife ' is to show that they themselves must fill the water-vessels, and not employ others for this purpose. He adds that, according to another commentator, the object of the repetition is to show that Sutras 13 and 14 apply not only to householders, but also to students, and that hence students, when they offer the daily oblations of sacred fuel (above, I, I, 4, 14 seq.), should also perform the rites taught in the pre- ceding Siatras.
17. See Manu III, 46-48; Ya^n. I, 79, 80.
18. Manu III, 45; Ya^fi. I, 81.
19. See Taittiriya Sa/«hita II, 5, i, 5.
I02 APASTAMBA. 11,1,2.
20. But durino: intercourse he shall be dressed in a particular dress kept for this purpose.
21. And during intercourse only they shall lie together,
22. Afterwards separate.
23. Then they both shall bathe ;
Pra^na II, Fatal A 1, KHAivz»A 2.
1. Or they shall remove the stains with earth or water, sip water, and sprinkle the body with water.
2. Men of all castes, if they fulfil their (assigned)
duties, enjoy (in heaven) the highest, imperishable
bliss.
3. Afterwards when (a man who has fulfilled his
duties) returns to this world, he obtains, by virtue of
a remainder of merit, birth in a distinguished family,
beauty of form, beauty of complexion, strength, apti-
tude for learning, wisdom, wealth, and the gift of
fulfilling the laws of his (caste and order). There-
fore in both worlds he dwells in happiness, (rolling)
like a wheel (from the one to the other).
4. As the seed of herbs (and) trees, (sown) in
good and well-cultivated soil, gives manifold returns
of fruit (even so it is with men who have received
the various sacraments).
5. The increase of the results of sins has been explained hereby.
6. Thus after having undergone a long punish-
ment in the next world, a person who has stolen
(the gold of a Brahma;2a) or killed a (Brahma;^a) is
born again, in case he was a Brahma;^a as a A'a;/-
2. 6. Manu XII, 55 ; Ya^ii. Ill, 206, 207. A Paulkasa is said to be the offspring of a Nishada and a Kshatriya woman. See the Pet. Diet. s. V. A Vaiwa is a rope-dancer, or equilibrist.
Ii, 2, 3- the Duties of a Householder. Io3
</ala, ill case he was a Kshatriya as a Paulkasa, in case he was a Vaii^ya as a Vai;^a.
7. In the same manner other (sinners) who have
become outcasts in consequence of their sinful actions
are born again, on account of (these) sins, losing their
caste, in the wombs (of various animals).
8. As it is sinful to touch a I^SLJidsla., (so it is also
sinful) to speak to him or to look at him. The
penance for these (offences will be declared).
9. (The penance) for touching him is to bathe,
submerging the whole body ; for speaking to him to
speak to a Brahma;^a ; for looking at him to look at
the lights (of heaven).
PrA5'NA II, PaT^ALA 2, KHAiVZ)A 3.
1. Pure men of the first three castes shall prepare
the food (of a householder which is used) at the
Vaii"vadeva ceremony.
2. The (cook) shall not speak, nor cough, nor spit, while his face is turned towards the food.
3. He shall purify himself by touching water if he has touched his hair, his limbs, or his garment.
4. Or ^udras may prepare the food, under the superintendence of men of the first three castes.
5. For them is prescribed the same rule of sip- ping water (as for their masters),
6. Besides, the (^udra cooks) daily shall cause to
7. Manu XII, 52.
3. I. ' The food which is used at the Vaijvadeva, i. e. the food prepared for the meals of the householder and of his wife.' — Haradatta.
5. TJiis Sutra is a Gnapaka, as it indicates that Apastamba also recognises the different rules which are usually prescribed in the Smr/tis for Brahmawas, Kshatriyas, Vaijyas, and -Siidras. See above, I, 5, 1 6, 2.
104 APASTAMBA. II, 2, 3.
be cut the hair of their heads, their beards, the hair on their bodies, and their nails.
7. And they shall bathe, keeping their clothes on.
8. Or they may trim (their hair and nails) on the
eighth day (of each half-month), or on the days of
the full and new moon.
9. He (the householder himself) shall place on the
fire that food which has been prepared (by ^'udras)
without supervision, and shall sprinkle it with water.
Such food also they state to be fit for the gods.
10. When the food is ready, (the cook) shall place
himself before his master and announce it to him
(saying), ' It is ready.'
11. The answer (of the master) shall be, ' That
well-prepared food is the means to obtain splendour ;
may it never fail !'
12. The burnt-oblations and Bali-offerings made
with the food which the husband and his wife are to
eat, bring (as their reward) prosperity, (and the enjoy-
ment of) heaven.
13. Whilst learning the sacred formulas (to be
recited during the performance) of those (burnt-
oblations and Bali -offerings, a householder) shall
sleep on the ground, abstain from connubial inter-
course and from eating pungent condiments and
salt, during twelve days.
7. Usually in bathing both Aryas and 6"udras wear no dress except the lango/i.
11. Manu II, 54.
12. Balis are portions of food which are thrown before the door, or on the floor of the house. See below, Sutra 16 seq.
13. Others explain this Sfitra thus : 'After having used for the first time these sacred formulas (which are to be recited in offering the burnt-oblation and the Balis, the householder and his wife) shall sleep,' &c.
II, 2, 3- THE DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER. IO5.
14. (When he studies the Mantras) for the last
(BaH offered to the gobHns), he shall fast for one
(day and) night.
15. For each Bali-offering the ground must be
prepared separately. (The performer) sweeps (the
ground) with his (right) hand, sprinkles it with water,
turning the palm downwards, throws down (the offer-
ing), and afterwards sprinkles water around it.
16. (At the Vai^vadeva sacrifice) he shall offer
the oblations with his hand, (throwing them) into
the kitchen-fire or into the sacred (Gr2hya)-fire, and
reciting (each time one of) the first six Mantras
(prescribed in the Naraya;?i Upanishad).
17. He shall sprinkle water all around both times
(before and after the oblations), as (has been de-
clared) above.
