9. It is impossible to agree with Haradatta's explanation of the words to be addressed by Abhi^astas to their children. No Vedic Hcense can excuse the use of the second person plural instead of the third. I propose the following : ' Go out from among us ; for thus (leaving the guilt) to us, you will be received (as) Aryas.' It is, however, not improbable that our text is disfigured by several very old corruptions. Baudhayana, who (Pra^-na I, Adhy. 12) also gives the whole passage from Sutra 8 to Siitra 14, reads: pravra- ^atasmatta evam aryan sampratipatsyatha.
I, lo, 29. PENANCE. 91
1 1. (The truth of) that may be learned from this
(parallel case) ; a man deficient in limbs begets a son
who possesses the full number of limbs.
12. Harita declares that this is wrong.
1 3. A wife is similar to the vessel which contains the curds (for the sacrifice).
14. For if one makes impure milk curdle (by
mixing it with whey and water) in a milk-vessel and
stirs it, no sacrificial rite can be performed with (the
curds produced from) that. Just so no intercourse
can be allowed with the impure seed which comes
(from an Abhi^asta).
15. Sorcery and curses (employed against a Brah-
ma;^a) cause a man to become impure, but not loss
of caste.
16. Harita declares that they cause loss of caste.
17. But crimes causing impurity must be ex-
piated, (when no particular penance is prescribed,)
by performing the penance enjoined for crimes caus-
ing loss of caste during twelve months, or twelve
half months, or twelve twelve-nights, or twelve
se'nnights, or twelve times three days, or twelve
days, or seven days, or three days, or two days, or
one day.
1 8. Thus acts causing impurity must be expiated
according to the manner in which the (sinful) act
has been committed (whether intentionally or un-
intentionally),
I r. 'In like manner a man who has lost his rights, (can) beget a son, who possesses the rights (of his caste). For the wife is also a cause (of the birth of the son), and she is guiltless.' — Haradatta.
13. The statements now following are those with which Apa- stamba agrees. Those contained in Sutras 8-1 1 are merely the purvapaksha.
APASTAMBA. I, II, 30.
PrA^NA I, Pa^ALA 11, KUANDA 30.
1. Some declare, that a student shall bathe after
(having acquired) the knowledge of the Veda, (how-
ever long or short the time of his studentship may
have been.)
2. (He may) also (bathe) after having kept the
student's vow for forty-eight, (thirty-six or twenty-
four) years, (though he may not have mastered the
Veda.)
3. Some declare, that the student (shall bathe)
after (having acquired) the knowledge of the Veda
and after (the expiration of) his vow.
4. To all those persons who have bathed (in
accordance with any of the above rules must be
shown) the honour due to a Snataka.
5. The reverence (shown to a Snataka) brings,
however, different rewards according to the degree
of devotion or of learning (possessed by the person
honoured).
6. Now follow the observances (chiefly to be kept) by a Snataka.
7. He shall usually enter the village and leave it by the eastern or the northern gate.
8. During the morning and evening twilights, he
shall sit outside the village, and not speak anything
(referring to worldly matters).
9. (But an Agnihotri, who is occupied at home by oblations in the morning and evening, must not go
30. I. The bath is taken at the end of the studentship, and forms part of the Samavartana-ceremony. From this rite a student who has completed his course of study derives the name Snataka, ' one who has bathed.' See also Weber, Ind. Stud. X, 125.
I, Ii, 30. Rules for a Snataka. 93
out ; for) in the case of a conflict (of duties), that enjoined by the Veda is the more important.
10. He shall avoid all dyed dresses,
11. And all naturally black cloth.
12. He shall wear a dress that is neither shining,
13. Nor despicable, if he is able (to afford it),
14. And in the day-time he shall avoid to wrap up his head, except when voiding excrements.
15. But when voiding excrements, he shall en-
velop his head and place some (grass or the like)
on the ground.
16. He shall not void excrements in the shade (of a tree, where travellers rest).
17. But he may discharge urine on his own shadow.
18. He shall not void excrements with his shoes
on, nor on a ploughed field, nor on a path, nor in
water.
19. He shall also avoid to spit Into, or to have connexion with a woman in the water.
20. He shall not void excrements facing the fire,
the sun, water, a Brahma/^a, a cow, or (images of)
the orods.
21. He shall avoid to clean his body from ex-
crements with a stone, a clod of earth, or with
(boughs of) herbs or trees which he has broken
off, whilst they were on the tree and full of sap.
10. The rule to wear white garments is given Yao-u. I, 131 ; ]\Ianu IV, 35.
13. Manu IV, 34. . 15. Manu IV, 49.
18. Manu IV, 45, 46; Ya^ii. I, 137.
19. Manu IV, 56.
20. Manu IV, 48, 52; Y^gn. I, 134.
94 APASTAMBA. I, ii, 31.
2 2. If possible, he shall not stretch out his feet
towards a fire, water, a Brahma;ia, a cow, (images
of) the gods, or a door.
22,. Now they quote also (the following verse) :
Pra5'NA I, Fatal A 11, Kh and a 31.
1. He shall eat facing the east, void faeces facing
the south, discharge urine facing the north, and
wash his feet turned towards the west.
2. He shall void excrements far from his house, having gone towards the south or south-west.
3. But after sunset he must not void excrements outside the villao-e or far from his house.
4. And as long as he is impure he (shall avoid) to pronounce the names of the gods.
5. And he shall not speak evil of the gods or of the king.
6. He shall not touch with his foot a Brahma;2a, a cow, nor any other (venerable beings).
7. (Nor shall he touch them) with his hand, except for particular reasons.
8. He shall not mention the blemishes of a cow, of sacrificial presents, or of a girl.
9. And he shall not announce it (to the owner)
if a cow does damage (by eating corn or grass in
a field).
22. The prohibition to stretch the feet towards a fire occurs also ManuIV, 53; Ya-il. I, 137.
31. 2. Manu IV, 151 ; Ya^fi. I, i6.
5. Manu IV, 163.
8. ' In the section on transcendental knowledge (I, 8, 23, 5), " speaking evil " has been forbidden, in connexion Mith the means of salvation. And below (Sutra 25) the (author) will declare that the sins which destroy the creatures are to be avoided. But this precept (is given in order to indicate that) in the case of cows and the rest an extra penance must be performed.' — Haradatta.
1,11,31. Rules for a Snataka. 95
10. (Nor shall he call attention to it) if a cow is together with her calf, except for a particular reason,
1 1. And of a cow which is not a milch-cow he shall not say, ' She is not a milch-cow.'
12. He must say, 'This is a cow which will become a milch-cow.'
13. He shall not call ' lucky' that which is lucky.
14. He shall call it ' a mercy, a blessing.'
15. He shall not step over a rope to which a calf (or cow) is tied.
16. He shall not pass between the posts from which a swing is suspended.
17. (In company) he shall not say, 'This person
is my enemy.' If he says, ' This person is my
enemy,' he will raise for himself an enemy, who
will show his hatred.
18. If he sees a rainbow, he must not say to others, ' Here is Indra's bow.'
19. He shall not count (a flock of) birds.
20. He shall avoid to look at the sun when he rises or sets.
21. During the day the sun protects the crea-
tures, during the night the moon. Therefore let
him eagerly strive to protect himself on the night
13. Manu IV, 139.
15. Manu IV, 38.
16. * Or according to others, " He shall not pass between pillars supporting an arch." ' — Haradatta.
18. Manu IV, 59.
19. ' Others explain (the Sutra thus) : He shall not announce it to others, if he sees (the souls of) good men falling from heaven on account of the expenditure of their merit, (i.e.) he shall not call attention to shooting-stars.' — Haradatta.
20. Manu IV, 37.
21. Manu IV, 153.
96 APASTAMBA. 1,11,32.
of the new moon by purity, continence, and rites adapted for the season.
22. For during that night the sun and the moon dwell together.
23. He shall not enter the village by a by-path.
If he enters it thus, he shall mutter this i?/k-verse,
' Praise be to Rudra, the lord of the dwelling,' or
some other (verse) addressed to Rudra.
24. He shall not (ordinarily) ^ive the residue of
his food to a person who is not a Brahma;^a. When
he gives it (to such a one), he shall clean his teeth
and give (the food) after having placed in it (the
dirt from his teeth).
25. And let him avoid the faults that destroy the creatures, such as anger and the like.
PrA^'NA I, Pa^ALA 11, KHAiVDA 32.
1. Let him who teaches, avoid connubial inter- course during the rainy season and in autumn.
2. And if he has had connexion (with his wife), he shall not lie with her during the whole night.
3. He shall not teach whilst he is lying on a bed.
4. Nor shall he teach (sitting) on that couch on which he lies (at night with his wife).
5. He shall not show himself adorned with a garland, or anointed w4th ointments.
23. Manu IV, 73; Ya^ii. I, 140.
24. Manu IV, 80. 'This prohibition (given in the first part of the Sutra) refers to ^Sudras who are not dependents; to, dependents the following (exception applies).' — Haradatta. ^
25. See above, I, 8, 23, 4 and 5, and Manu IV^ 163. 32. I. Weber, Ind. Stud. X, 42.
2. Manu IV, 40. 5. Manu IV, 72.
I, Ii, 32. Rules for a Snataka. 97
6. At night he shall always adorn himself for his wife.
7. Let him not submerge his head together with his body (in bathing),
8. And (let him avoid) to bathe after sunset.
9. Let him avoid to use a seat, clogs, sticks for
cleaning the teeth, (and other utensils) made of
Pala.$"a-wood.
10. Let him avoid to praise (himself) before his teacher, saying, ' I have properly bathed or the like.'
11. Let him be awake from midnight.
1 2. Let him not study (or teach) in the middle of
the night ; but (he may point out) their duties to his
pupils.
13. Or (he may) by himself mentally (repeat the sacred texts).
14. After midnight he may study (and teach).
15. When he has risen (at midnight, and taught)
during the third watch of the night, let him not lie
down again (saying), ' Studying is forbidden.'
1 6. At his pleasure he may (sleep) leaning (against a post or the like).
1 7. Or he may mentally repeat (the sacred texts).
18. Let him not visit inferior men (such as Nisha- das), nor countries which are inhabited by them,
19. Nor assemblies and crowds.
20. If he has entered a crowd, he shall leave it, turning his right hand towards the crowd.
21. Nor shall he enter towns frequently.
22. Let him not answer directly a question (that is difficult to decide).
15. I.e. if the following day is a forbidden day, e.g. an Ash/ami. See also Manu IV, 99.
18. Manu IV, 60 and 61.
98 APASTAMBA, I, II, 32.
23. Now they quote also (the following verse) :
24. (The foolish decision) of a person who decides
wrongly destroys his ancestors and his future hap-
piness, it harms his children, cattle, and house. 'Oh
Dharmaprahradana, (this deed belongs not) to Ku-
malana !' thus decided Death, weeping, the question
(addressed to him by the jRishi).
25. Let him not ascend a carriage yoked with
asses ; and let him avoid to ascend or to descend
from vehicles in difficult places.
26. And (let him avoid) to cross a river swimming.
27. And (let him avoid) ships of doubtful (solidity).
28. He shall avoid cutting grass, crushing clods of earth, and spitting, without a particular reason,
29. And whatever else they forbid.
