* As there is no account of this Nask in Dk. VIII, we can only guess that its extent was about the average length of the other Hadha-mSthric Nasks, or about 6,800 words of Avesta text and 22,200 of Pahlavi version.

* The account of this Nask in Dk. VIII (like those of Nasks VIII, XII, XIII, XX), though four or five times as long as the very short accounts, is still short, and the data for estimating the original extent of these five Nasks are very inadequate. We may, perhaps, guess that the two Nasks VI, VIII were together equal to half the length of the four other Hadha-mathric Nasks IV, VII, IX, X, and then proceed to apportion the extent, thus guessed, between the two in proportion to the number of Pahlavi words in the short account of each. In this way we shall find that the 505 Pahlavi words in the short account of the PS^g may indicate about 9,100 words of Avesta text and 29,800 of Pahlavi version.

Extant Fragments. 467

but do not accept ; that whose Avesta is faulty, but
the man good, the archangels and sacred being will
approach, but do not listen to, and will accept ; that
whose Avesta is correct, and the man good, the
archangels and sacred being will approach, will come
to, will listen to, and will accept ; and that whose
Avesta is faulty, and the man bad, they do not
approach, do not listen to, and do not accept/

VII. RaDO-dId-aItAG NASK^

Dk. VIII, Chap. VIII, 4, probably refers to the
passage containing the statement thus mentioned in
Sis. X, 29 : — * In the Ra^i?6-d4^-aitlh many harsh
things are said about the severe punishment of the
unhelpful (?»^^(avi^l^ir-dahljnAn6)* in the spiritual
existence!

VIII, IX. Barw^ and KA^KtsRdBd* Nasks.

No quotation from these Nasks has yet been noticed.

* The very short account of this Nask, in Dk. VIII, contains 88 Pahlavi words, from which the extent of its original text may be estimated (in the same way as in the case of Nask IV) at about 10,500 Avesta and 34,300 Pahlavi words.

* Otherwise read han^t^ar-dahfjn&n6, * producers of irrita- tion,' in S. B. E., vol. v, p. 330.

» The short account of this Nask, in Dk. VIII, contains 248 Pahlavi words, from which the extent of its original text may be guessed (in the same way as in the case of Nask VI) at about 4,400 Avesta and 14,600 Pahlavi words.

* The very short account of this Nask, in Dk. VIII, contains 46 Pahlavi words, from which the extent of its original text may be estimated (in the same way as in the case of Nask IV) at about 5,500 Avesta and 17,900 Pahlavi words.

H h 2

468 EXTANT FRAGMENTS.

X. VlstAsp-sAst6 Nask^

The first half of this Nask (as described in Dk.
VIII, Chap. XI, I, 2) appears to be still extant in
the Virtisp Ya^t, 1-44 ; but the remainder of that
Yart does not correspond with the description of the
latter half of the Nask.

XI. Vastag Nask^

No quotation from this Nask has yet been noticed.

XII. ^itradAd Nask^

D,k. VIII, Chap. XIII, ro, probably refers to the
passage that contained the statement thus quoted in
Sis. X, 28 : — * Even so it is revealed in the ATltradS//
that Spendarmarf spoke to Manfiyithar thus : *' Even
the swiftest horse requires the whip, the sharpest

^ As half this Nask consists of the Vijtisp Yt. 1-44, which contains about 1,100 Avesta and 3,600 Pahlavi words, the contents of the whole Nask may be estimated at about 2,200 Avesta and 7,200 Pahlavi words.

' As there is no account of this Nask in Dk. VIII, we can only guess that its extent was about the average length of the other Gothic Nasks, or about 8,900 words of Avesta text and 18,400 of Pahlavi version.

• The short account of this Nask, in Dk. VIII, contains 396 Pahlavi words, which may be guessed to represent the same pro- portion of Pahlavi version as in Nasks VI, VIII, the accounts of which are also short. And, as this is a Legal Nask, it may be assumed that the proportion of Avesta text to Pahlavi version would be the same as in the other Legal Nasks, which is the proportion still extant in the Ntrangistan section of Nask XVII. Based upon these assumptions, the probable extent of the Altrada^ would be about 2,600 words of Avesta text and 23,400 of Pahlavi version.

Extant Fragments. 469

Steel knife requires the whetstone, and the wisest man requires counsel." '

XIII. Spend Nask\

Dk. VIII, Chap. XIV, i, probably refers to the
passage that contained the statement thus quoted in
Sis. X, 4, XII, II : — 'It is revealed in the Spend
that towards DAkddv, the mother of Zaratfi^ when
she was pregnant with Zaratdrt, every night for
three nights a leader with a hundred and fifty
demons rushed {or came) for the destruction of
ZaratA^t, yet, owing to the existence of the fire in
the dwelling, they knew no means of accomplishing it'

Dk. VIII, Chap. XIV, 8, probably refers to the
passage that contained the statement alluded to in
AV. XXXII and thus quoted in Sis. XII, 29: —
* As in the Spend it was shown to Zaratftrt about
one man, that all his limbs were in torment, but one
foot was outside ; and ZaratOrt enquired of A(ihar-
masr^ about the cause of it; and Aflharmas:^/ said
that he was a man, Davins* by name; he was a
ruler over thirty-three districts, and no good work
was ever practised by him, except one time when
fodder wa^ conveyed by him to a sheep with that
one foot.'

^ The short account of this Nask, in Dk. VIII, contains 347 Pahlavi words, which would represent about 20,500 words of Pahlavi version, according to the proportion guessed in the case of Nask XII. But, this being a Gdthic Nask, the proportion of Avesta to Pahlavi ought to be that calculated for the Githic Nasks I, II, III, XXI, which would give about 9,900 words of Avesta text for this Nask. The seventh book of the Dtnkar</, whose contents are very similar to those attributed to the Spend Nask, contains about 16,000 Pahlavi words.

• A personification of the Av. davSs of Yas. XXXI, 10 c.

470 EXTANT FRAGMENTS.

No allusion to the following two passages, quoted
from the Spend, has been noticed in Dk. VIII,
Chap. XIV:—

In Sis. XII, 3, it is said that ' in the Spend // is
revealed that a fire, when they shall make it quite
clean from its chilled charcoal, Aas as much comfort
as a man whose clothing they shall make clean/

In Sis. XII, 15, it is said that * in the Spend and
Nihd^iim the high -priests Aave taught that the duty
and good works which a son performs become as
much the father s as though they had been done by
his own hand.'

XIV. Bakan-yast Nask\

No allusion to the following three passages, quoted
from this Nask, could be expected in the very short
account of it, given in Dk. VIII, Chap. XV; and
they can hardly be traced, with any certainty, in the
Avesta texts of the Ya^'ts themselves : —

It is just possible that a commentary on Yt. I, 17
may have contained the Av.-Pahl. passage thus
quoted in Vi^.^ pp. 160, 161 : — * By the Avesta of

* The account of this Nask in Dk. VIII, though very short, is a fair description of the extant Yajts I-XX, and their general character is also indicated by the name of the Nask, which means * the worship of the divinities/ The extent of these Yarts may be estimated at about 22,000 words of Avesta text, and, from the Pahlavi versions of the few Yarts that still possess one, it may be calculated that about 44,000 words of Pahlavi version would have been required for the whole collection.

* Vij§irkard-i Dfnik, ed. Peshotan, Bombay, 1848; printed in Pahlavi type from a copy, transcribed in 1754, from an Iranian MS. written in 1240, which the transcriber found in the Modt library at Surat. The Avesta quotations are here transliterated without any attempt at amendment.

Extant Fragments. 47 I

A Pahlavi commentary on Yt. VI, 2 may have
formerly contained the passage thus mentioned in
Sis. XII, 17 : — * As in the BAg-yasnd notice is given
about the uncleanness of well-water at night/

XV. NIkadCm Nask^

Dk. VIII, Chap. XVIII, 3, refers to the passage which, no doubt, contained the statement thus quoted

^ The very long account of this Nask, in Dk. VIII, contains

472 EXTANT FRAGMENTS.

4,876 Pahlavi words, from which the extent of its original text may be estimated (in the same way as in the case of Nask XVII) at about 63,600 Avesta and 562,900 Pahlavi words.

^ One of the old commentators whose statements are frequently quoted in the Pahlavi versions of the Avesta. The reading of his name and the age in which he lived are alike uncertain, but he appears to have been one of the earliest commentators whose opinions now survive.

' Perhaps the quotation ends at this point ; but Dk. VIII, Chap. XVIII, 3, is equally applicable to what follows.

» Tan^pfthar, see Dk. VIII, Chap. XX, 65.

* So in K20. ^ See Dk. VIII, Chap. XXXI, 39.

Extant Fragments. 473

through the bone of one fleshy /^rr/, and he is to be
given up as outcast ; while the penalties of a Kh6r
sin * chastise those who hurt other parts)!' '

Dk. VIII, Chap. XX, ii6, probably refers to the
passage which contained the statement thus quoted
in Pahl. Vend. IV, 35 : — ' That is, this is the account
of the number of years, according to that which is in
the Hiisp&rAm as regards the account of the number ;
and according to that which is in the Nih^6m it is
the account of the number of men/

Dk. VIII, Chap. XX, 124, possibly refers to the
passage which contained the statement thus quoted
in Sis. X, 3 : — * In the exposition of the NihS^/ftm
Nask it says that a man is going to commit robbery,
and a wall falls in upon him, it is his destroyer ;
when a man strikes at him he is his adversary, and
both are in sinfulness ; when he is going to perform
the ceremonial of the sacred beings both are in inno-
cence towards him.'

No allusion to the following six passages, quoted
from this Nask, has been noticed in Dk. VIII,
Chaps. XVI-XX :—

In Sis. X, 22, XII, 15, it is said as in the last fragment of the Spend Nask, already quoted.

In Sis. X, 23, XII, 16, it is said that * in the
NihdflfAm the high-priests have taught thus : — "A
man gives a hungry one bread, and it is too much,
yet {or when a man gives bread to a man, even
though that man has too much bread) all the good
works, which he shall perform through that super-

474 EXTANT FRAGMENTS.

abundance, become as much his who gave it as though they had been done by his own hand/' '

In Pahl. Vend. V, 73, it is said Mike unto this
earth and that (sky) which would also cover over it
(ever in all places; there is same one who says this is
as to dead matter, that in the Nih&^j?um says it is as
to decision and judgment, and that in the HflspirAm
says it is as to the ritual of the ceremonial).'

* The southern leader of the stars, probably Fomalhaut (see Bd. 11, 7, V, I).

' The sacred shirt.

Extant Fragments. 475

after seven years of age) first he covers up (that is,
clothes) his own body in it, and with (that he is
properly) a preserver of faith (that is, a preserver of
attachment, and) he afterwards ties^ (that) girdle (over
that starry garment) at the waist (as a waist-belt)."
That, even this well-looking garment, spiritually
formed by the creatures of the spirits, is really (that
which) the righteous AAharma-sr^ granted me (who
am ZaratO^t). "Since it is his preserver of faith,
(that is, preserver of attachment), he is like (him
who is as) the sun, (a preserver of beneficial faith, an
implorer of the splendid heaven, and is one who is
an accepter of the religion) ; therefore, with that
garment, which is purified (that is, pure), do thou
worship, or practise invocation, as regards AOhar-
m3izd and as regards the archangels, O Spltfimfin
ZaratG^t ! " '

In Vi^. pp. 184, 185, it is said that 'it is declared
by the A vesta of the Nihd^iim thus: — Aa// a^tah^
pan>^ ayara hamaspathmaidhem paiti ratiim spe«-
tayau firmatdi^ miunghd noi^ frasrivaydiof : — So one
does not chant forth (that is, does not invoke) the
month of (the completely mindful) Spenda^ma^^^
(that is, the Spenda^ma^ month) in the reign of
those five Hamaspat/m^d^m days^; (for \{one invokes
//, owing to forgetfulness, the Avesta is not accepted).'