' Vend. VII, 1-5, 10-16. Nothing is said about VII, 6-9, 17-22 (which passages are merely a repetition of V, 27-30, 57-62), but this omission may be owing to the fact that these passages are so abbreviated in the MSS. as to be easily overlooked, especially by a reader of the Pahlavi version only.
« Vend. VII, 23-26.
• Pahl. tan and va-m&k (=m6g), evidently equivalent to the Av. sftnd madhakhayaus^a of Vend. VII, 26, which are ren- dered by tiin rakgo-k in the Pahlavi version. The identity of Av, madhakha with Pahl. madag, or m6g, Pers. matg, mala'>5 'a locust,' has long been recognised (see Darmesteter's fitudes Iranniennes, II, p. 199). But the meaning of Av. siin = P&z. tfin has been merely guessed to be 'a mosquito;' the Avesta word having been transcribed as stn, or sin, in the prose Sad-dar, LXXII, 2, and explained by the Persian gloss pajah, 'a gnat or fly/ by some copyists, while others have read san (for sin) and have substituted its synonym sil, 'a year,' or have read bij, 'a poisonous herb,' instead of paxah. With regard to the word ^"f* tanand, « spider,' in our text, it may be observed that it has descended from a much older copy of the Pahlavi Vendtdi^ than any that could have been consulted by the author of the Sad^iar,
Jead »/i^ ^^IT "^^ ^""^ ^^ ^"^"^^ P^^>- ^"^ ^ould have been
read . f N in Pizand by later copyists of the VendidS^.
Vend. VII, 26, 27. 6 Vend. VII, 28-35.
Chapter Xliv, 32-43. 1 59
ject^. 36. About the place on which a corpse is
fettered (garovl-alt6), and also that in which it is
buried through sinfulness ; and in how much time it
becomes pure, in each case separately^. 37. About
the much lodgment of the demons there where a
corpse is buried (nikdn), and the merit of laying
open (i^kirlnf^/ano) the /^^ (j/" burial (ni kin Ih)
of a corpse ^
38. About the duration of not drinking by a
woman who has miscarried (visistak6); also her
not feeding on the liquid of that which is watery
food *. 39, About the washing of a metallic, stony,
or any other cup-like article, upon which dead matter
has come, and which is not pronounced useless*.
40. About the animal (g6spend) that has eaten
dead matter, and the plant with which dead matter
is mingled ®. 41. About the sin of holy water being
brought to water which is tainted with dead matter''.
42. About the house (khinS) in which a dog or
a human being passes away^ 43. About how large
and how one has to make the vault (kafl^akft) for
the sake of a corpse in a dwelling (m&n), carr)dng
the corpse to it, when the time comes to expose and
avoid it, and whatever is on the same subject®.
» Vend. VII, 36-44. « Vend. VII, 45-50.
' Vend VII, 51, 52, 55-59, which refers to tombs and mauso- leums (uzda6za uzdi^ta) and not to the legal dakhmas, or depositories for the dead. §§ 51, 52 are described after the others.
• Vend VII, 60, 67-71. The contents of VII, 61-66 are not mentioned, being abbreviated in the MSS. as a repetition of V, 46-51.
» Vend VII, 73-75.
• Vend. VII, 76, 77, where, however, plants are not mentioned. ^ Vend. VII, 78, 79. « Vend. VIII, 1-3.
• Vend VIII, 4-25.
l6o . DtNKAiJD, BOOK VIII.
44. About the baseness (gara^)^ and grievous
sinfulness of the decree (vi^lrlh)^ of death, un-
natural intercourse *. 45. About a dry corpse which
Aas been dead throughout a year *. 46. About the
merit oi having brought unto purity a corpse-burning
fire, a fire burning bodily refuse, or of an encamp-
ment (sariy-^>S6)*; also those which artificers, each
separately, keep in use one has to secure, when the
work is done, for the appointed ^r^place (did?-gis)^.
47. About washing the polluted who have been in
bodily contact with a corpse, or moving it ; divers
preferences as to the purifier, the rite of washing,
and the reward of purifiers, worldly and also spi-
ritual •. 48. About the shining of the sun, moon,
and stars alike discontentedly upon the polluted ^
49. About the gratification of all the creatures of
Aftharmasrrf by the purifier, when he produces puri-
fication for the polluted a;w? suchlike beings (ingunl-
alt64n) ; also his reward®. 50. About the strength
and aid which are given to the fiend of corruption
(nasA^ drO^d) by him who does not understand
purifying, and yet would accomplish it ; also the sin
thereof^/ the bridge of judgment^. 51. About the
triumph of the Yathd-ahA-vairyd *« in smiting the
fiend and in healing ^^
* Both these words are blotted and doubtful in the original MS. « Vend. VIII, 31, 32. » Vend. VIII, 33, 34.
* Or it may be sar as/6, 'a troop of horse.'
7 ^^""^l y^"' ^3"^^- ' ^^^^- ^^^' 35-72, 97-107, IX, 1-39. ^^ Vend. IX, 41. a Vend. IX, 42-44. • Vend. IX, 47-57.
® The Ahunavalr formula is so called from its first three words (see Chap. I, 7 n).
" ^^"^- ^^' 45, 46, X, 1-20, XI, 1-20 may probably be all aUuded to in these few words ; but nothing is said about the twelfth largar^. This omission is singularly in accordance with the fact
Chapter Xliv, 44-58. 161
5 2. About the species of dogs ; the worthiness of
the shepherd's dog, the village dog, and others also ;
how to maintain aitd nourish (sr4ylni^an6) them
with nourishment, and the sin owing to killing or
even improperly maintaining them, each separately ;
and whatever is on the same subject^. 53. And
this, too, when a dog becomes useless (ab6n) or
hurtful, what is to be done with zV, and how it is to
be kept ^. 54. About authorisedly killing the dog-
wolf. 55. About the thirty-one dispositions among
dogs, which are just as among the three special pro-
fessions and divers others of five descriptions *.
56. About the grievous sinfulness of killing a water
beaver, and statements (gdkdn) of the penalty*.
57. About the sin which grave an Ir&nian to
foreigners (an-AlrdnS)®. 58. About the sin for
those three ^ males who have debauched a woman
that the same fargar^ is omitted in all very old copies of the Vendidd^ with Pahlavi version, in which, although the fargar</s are numbered, the thirteenth immediately follows the eleventh. The Kopenhagen MS. No. 2, in which the twelfth fargar^ occurs with a Pahlavi version, is said to be a revision of the Vendidd</ text compiled in the last century, and other copies of the Pahlavi twelfth fargar^ have been derived from this revised text. The omission of this fargar^ in all the old MSS. cannot be satisfactorily attributed to the loss of some folios in an older copy, because no fargar</ is likely to fill exactly a certain number of folios ; the loss must also have occurred very shordy after the last revision of the Pahlavi text, to account for the author of the Dinkar^ not finding the Pahlavi of this fargar</ in the ninth century.
* Vend. XIII, 1-28. " Vend. XIII, 29-38. » Vend. XIII, 41-43.
* Vend. XIII, 44-48 which detail the thirty-one particulars in which dogs resemble people of eight avocations, three of which are the professions of priests, warriors, and husbandmen.
* Vend. XIII, 50-56, XIV, i-i8. • Vend. XV, 2.
^ Reading va/ zak 3, but it may be va/ zak-a6, 'for the other.' [37] M
1 62 DiNKAlJZ), BOOK VIII.
who is pregnant, or the wife with a child at the
breast, or a daughter of others ; and the sin owing
to similar sin\ 59. About the guardianship and
nourishment which it is important to provide for
a child that is seen to be improperly protected, or for
a dog when it is born without a guardian; and
whatever is on the same subject ^
60. About menstruation, the heinousness of its
pollution, and how much one has to abstain from it^
61. The cleansing from the menses, the time ^the
cleansing, and the nature of the cleansing of any
person or thing polluted by the menses, or that
which becomes inefficient thereby ; and whatever is
on the same subject*. 62. And about the grievous
sinfulness of having sexual intercourse with a men-
struous woman ^
63. About the deadly bridge penalty of those who
have not sustained the j udges ®. 64. About the care of
the hair and nails, and the sin owing to want of care ^
65. About the apostasy of him who is bringing a mouth-veiP,a vermin-killer®, various sacred twigs ^**,
» Vend. XV, 8-16.
' Vend. XV, 17-45, though the last clause may include the remainder of this fargar</.
» Vend. XVI, 1-7, 13-16, also XV, 7. * Vend. XVI, 7-12.
» Vend. XVI, 17. • Vend. XVI, 18 = XVII, 11.
■^ Vend. XVII, i-io.
' Pahl. pad&m (Av. paitiddna, P&z. pen6m). It 'consists of two pieces of white cotton cloth, hanging loosely from the bridge of the nose to at least two inches below the mouth, and tied with two strings at the back of the head. It must be worn by a priest whenever he approaches the sacred fire, so as to prevent his breath from contaminating the fire.' (Haug's Essays, p. 243, note i.)
^ Av. khrafstraghna, an implement for killing snakes and
other noxious creatures ; it may be made of any material, but a
leathern whip is recommended.
^^ Av. baresman, a bundle of slender rods, formerly twigs of
Chapter Xliv, 59-7o. 1 63
or a goad or scourge^ which is exceptional, and
maintains that it is that which is necessary ^
66. About the disapproved one^ and the bridge-
jtidgment upon him, who sleeps on through the
whole night, so as not to accomplish his proper
duty^ 67. And the approval and reward of him
who does not sleep over religious observances^ so a^
to accomplish his proper duty*. 68. About the
progress of secretly-advancing ruin (s6^6) through
that exhibitor of evil religion who wears no sacred
thread-^T^i^y and his not wearing it as // were
by law *.
69. About the proper duty and great value of the Parddarsh • bird, and the great good work that gives it a morsel of meat which is the size of its body, the liberalization of the primitive temperament ^ through righteousness for the righteous man^ 70. About the hurry of the fire for kindling for the untroubled watching of the night, and the merit owing to law- particular trees, bat now thin metal wires, usually from five to thirty-three in number according to the nature of the ceremony. These rods are tied together by a central girdle, passing three times round them and knotted just like the sacred thread-girdle round the waist of a Parsi ; but this girdle is formed of six thread- like ribbons split out of a leaflet of the date-palm and twisted together. The bundle, when properly purified, is laid upon the crescent-shaped tops of two adjacent metal stands, whence it is taken up by the officiating priest, to hold in his left hand during certain recitations.
^ Av. ajtra and sraosha-^arana, implements for scourging and punishing sinners and criminals.
« Vend. XVIII, 1-4. ' Vend. XVIII, 5.
• Vend. XVin, 6. » Vend. XVIII, 8-10.
• ' The foreseer' of the dawn, an epithet of the domestic cock. ^ Pahl. r&^in!^an6-i mdnak-i kddmon.
• Vend. XVIII, 13-17, 23-26, 28, 99.
1 64 visKARD, BOOK VIII.
fully kindling t^; also the blessing of the fire on mankind, when pleased and untroubled \
71. About the four special sins by which the
fiend * receives vigorous pr^^nancy, and the atone-
ment for each separately ^ 72. About the grievous
sinfulness, trouble, lamentation (naz/lklh), and harm
lAai proceed from a courtezan; also the advan-
tageousness of Aer destruction*. 73. About the
retribution for the sin of having sexual intercourse
with a menstruous woman ••
74. About the combat (kdshii'nS) of the evil
spirit with Zaratii^t, the victory 0/ Zarat^lft therein,
and whatever is on the same subject •. 75. About
Zarati^^t having, enquired of AAharma^^/ how, and
by what means, one has to confound the evil spirit
and other demons, and his reply''. 76. About the
gratification of VohAman, the archangel, owing to
the washing and bringing back to use of polluted
clothing; also praise unto Atihannajsr^ for his nar-
rating the care ^the clothing*.
77. About the reward which they give up to a
human soul for the sake of kindness, and whereto
and how is the attainment to exaltation of him who
is given it ». 78. About the going of VohClman to
meet the souls of the righteous, the notification of
their position, their announcement for reward, and
the contented progress of the souls of the righteous
to their [homej^^, to the throne of AGharma^^ and
' Vend. XVIII, 18-22, 26, 27.
' The Av. dru^ is feminine. » Vend. XVIII, 30-59.
