pollution, as soon as possible after death, common sense being preferable to logical consistency.
' Supposing that v(ip stands for khiip.
Chapter Xliii, 28-36. 151
(d^n patflklh), and from the setting up even o£
ruin thereby ; the reasonable control of the offering
to each one of the sacred beings therein is for the
skilful member of the community (hflnarlk ddhm)
of whatever kind, and is not produced by intrusting
the consecration to the violent, more particularly to
those whom one specially enumerates; the sin and
retribution owing to having given it to those who
are of that class ; and more upon the same subject.
34. About the damage and injury of the world
owing to greed {&z^ and its fellow-miscreations, and
him who is their supporter and abettor, the idolator
(d^vlyast6), also the wolf of many kinds and
noxious creatures of various species; because the
occurrence of their fiendishness is due to the original
fiend, and the m^ans for strengthening their fiendish-
ness are derived from the destruction of all mankind
and the other primary worldly creations which are
aiding mankind. 35. Advice to mankind about
smiting and destroying the evil domination (dA^-
khshasarlnlflfano) of the world by those injurers,
and the merit manifest for ^^vaselves therein ; the
object and spiritual reward for smiting and killing
each one of the wolves and noxious creatures, and,
as regards the same reward, the perfection of that
for destroying a two-legged wolf ^ ; and whatever is
on the same subject.
36. About advice as to not reverencing the evil
spirit and demons, whereby the observing (var*2:6)
of the several ceremonies and gratifications of the
sacred beings would be more particularly irregular
in any manner whatever, and the damage and
\ ^ A term applied to an idolator.
152 DisKARD, BOOK VIII.
harm owing to those wAv are irregular and ill-
observant, through being inclined for that irregu-
larity and ill-observance, would become an oppressive
presidence (pa^fgahlh) of the demons over the
creatures ; also the vice of clamorous talking (dri-
yin g6glh)^ and the damage owing thereto, and
the pleasure of the demons due to the same and
other things which are irregular. 3 7. Advice about
the reason, habit, and primitive practice of not
chattering, and other good customs, during eating
and drinking ; the gratification of the sacred beings
owing to that primitive practice of good customs by
mankind, and the unself-devoting (a-khv6^-ddk) is
he who is not maintaining it.
38. Through the ceremonial of which sacred
being is the greater welcome (mdhmAnotarlh) of a
high-priest and of any good work of each one of the
five periods of the day and night ; the reward and
advantage owing to celebrating the ceremony of
each of them separately in its own period, and also
other means and regulations in the same statement.
39* It is righteousness that is perfect excellence.
Chapter XLIV.
I. The Vendlddaf * contains particulars ^AAhar- magaT having produced the pleasure of mankind by
I Whereby the devotions are disturbed, or rendered ineflFectuaL Ahunlt"*"^"*''"]? *° *^ nineteenth word, drigubyd, in the ^rS ^r^':^ *° ®- ^- ^'^- ' ^' •* « *« twentieth Nask in GvSsSdS!; v*u' Y^^^ ''^ -^^^ '« semi-Zv&ri.. either oppoidtl ''l^'''^-'}^-^^ the Av. data vldafiva. Maw
dH Vend?d4d'n .^°1'-^ ^° ** ^^^^^^ »» >« <=a"«<i ^^^d-dfiv- kardah. or far^r"^ Ik ' *"*^ ^ "'"^^ ^ *=°°s^' of twenty-two considered t£f he ^L^S^' '' ^«" <=°'»tains. It is generally
me Vendidtrf now extant is a collection of frag-
Chapter Xliii, 37-Xliv, 7. 1 53
that place where they specially make a residence,
and the advantage from the same production^. 2.
About the formation of sixteen perfect places
specially enumerated, and also the adversity which
has happened to each separately ^
3. About ACiharmasflTs disclosing the religion first
among mankind to Yim*; its non-acceptance by
Yim owing to attachment (asr6n61h) to the reli-
gion of the ancients ; and the acceptance of other
things to develope, extend, and improve the world
thereby*. 4. About the reason of the needfulness
^making the enclosure that Yim made (var-1 Yim
karfl?), the command and instruction by AAharmas//
to Yim, the making by Yim just as Aftharmasr^ com-
manded and instructed, a^wT whatever is on the same
subject ^
5. About what the comfort of the spirit of the
earth is most owing to, what its discomfort is more
particularly owing to, and from what its greatest
gratification has arisen •.
6. About the sin of pollution owing to carrying a
corpse by a single person, relating, however, to that
which a dog has not seen ^ 7. About the food,
ments, but it is evident, from the close correspondence between the author's description and the present contents, that this fragmentary state of the text existed in his time ; and there is every probability that any mutilation that exists in the text occurred before Sasa- nian times. The author, however, sometimes omits to mention subjects that are repeated, so it is just possible that some of these repetitions are of later date. He also makes no allusion to the twelfth fargar^(see § 51 n).
» Vend. I, I, 2 (W.). « Vend. I, 3-20.
» See Chap. XIII, 6-8. * Vend. II, 1-19.
* Vend. II, 22-43. * Vend. Ill, 1-13, 22, 23, 34.
■^ Vend. Ill, 14 ; the latter clause referring to the commentary on Pahl. Vend. Ill, 48 (Sp.).
154 DiNKA12D, BOOK VIII.
clothing, and place of him who becomes polluted and
worthy of death through a corpse, on account of
carrying it alone (a6vak6-barlh r41) \ 8. About
how the several precautions of mankind and other
pure creatures are tdketiy as regards a corpse * which
has become polluted by another corpse ^
9. About the pleasure of the spirit of the earth
owing to sowing and tilling, and its vexation owing
to not sowing and not tilling ; the blessing upon
the sowers, and the advantage and merit owing to
sowing, on account of particulars about the nourish-
ment and protection of the religion thereby*. 10.
About the destruction of the demons which arises
from the sprouting, growing, and ripening of com ;
and the good success of mankind from the eating
ofitK
1 1 . About the sin of burying a corpse through
sinfulness, and for how much time is the uselessness
of the ground in which the burial may be performed*.
12. About the power of the good religion for wiping
away sin from human beings ^
1 3. About the sin of deceiving by an avaricious
person (pa ^ to) as regards what he has consumed and
given, and the grievousness of other breaches of
promise ; the danger, even in the worldly existence,
from maintaining him, and the retribution it is im-
portant for him to make^
* Vend. Ill, 15-19.
^ The person polluted in this manner being considered as un- clean as the corpse itself.
' Vend. Ill, 20, 21 and perhaps some commentary on Pahl. Vend. Ill, 71 (Sp.) now lost.
* Vend, III, 23-31. * Vend. Ill, 32, 33.
• Vend. Ill, 36-40. "^ Vend. UI, 41, 42.
• Vend. IV, i-i6.
Chapter Xliv, 8-1 8. 1 55
1 4. About where there is steadfastness in the reli-
gion there is also a manifestation of this : when one
becomes liberal — ^as to every benefit that exists for
him — towards those of the same religion who come
forward with a request ^ 1 5. About the extent of
sleeping in the day and night, and other matters as
to occupation which occurs daily 2.
16. About the grievous sinfulness of having taken
a false oath, so that, apart even from the testifying
retribution of the property, the oath taken thereon
has also an efficacy very much for the accusers,
which, on account of Mitrd', Sr6sh, and RashnA, is
an awful destroyer aiui adversary for one s own
person, wife, child, and property ; also the grievous
hnd^^'judgment which is an appendage to one's own
soul *.
17. About the sin of bringing firewood, with
which dead matter * is mingled, to a fire ; and this
too, that is, how and when one is innocent therein ^
18. About a ditch (^61), which is not always a stream
{vidvh\ when the water has to pass through it, and
also that which is always a stream, when one wants
to increase the water therein, how often and how one
* Vend. IV, 44. « Vend. IV, 45.
' Av. Mithrd, the angel of the sun's light, friendly to man, and, hence, insisting upon the fulfilment of every promise (mithr6). He is supposed to keep an account of all breaches of promise (see Dd. XIV, 3), and to mediate between the departed soul and its accusers (see Mkh. II, 118), in doing which he co-operates with the angels of obedience (Sr6sh, see Chap. IX, 3 n) and justice (Rashnii, see Chap. XX, 153 n) who estimate and weigh its good works and sins, and decide upon its fate at the bridge of judgment.
* Vend. IV, 46, 50-55. « See Chap. XXVII, 4 n.
* Vend. V, 1-4.
156 DtNKAiJD, BOOK Vin.
Aas to inspect ^Aem for fear of dead matter having been there ^.
19. About death which is by reason of water or
fire, and does not occur through the supremacy of
water or fire, but is owing to the demons*. 20.
About the great advantage owing to rain, and con-
nected with raining on dead matter and the bodily
refuse' of depositories yi?r the dead\ 21. About
the greatness and goodness of * the law opposed to
the demons' '^ for cleansing, as compared with other
utterances •.
22. About pollution owing to bodily contact (h am-
ice r/aklh) with a corpse, and to bodily contact with
him who is in bodily contact with a corpse '^. 23.
About the wicked villain who is an unrighteous
apostate alive, and abstaining from association
(^z/4klh) with him ^ 24. About how long is the
time (?/ pollution (?/a house in which a dog or human
being passes away, the carrying away theretofore of
anything going thereto, and the avoidance of it;
the place into which any one goes out, the feeding,
and other things in that house within three steps,
a«^ whatever is on the same subject ^ 25. About
a woman whose child dies in the womb, and which
becomes dead matter ; and whatever is on the same
subject ^^
• Vend. V, 5-7 ; but the last clause refers to a Pahlavi com- mentary found only in the manuscripts.
« Vend. V, 8, 9. » See Chap. XIX, 3.
• Vend. V, 15-20. • The VendidSi/ itself, see § in.
• Vend. V, 22-25. ^ Vend. V, 27-34.
• Vend. V, 35-38.
• Vend. V, 39-44 (W.), and commentary on Pahl. Vend. V, 134 (Sp.).
'' Vend. V, 45-56.
Chapter Xliv, 1 9-3 1. 1 57
26. About useless and polluted clothing, that which
is cleansed for six months \ 27. About the grievous
sinfulness of irregularly letting forth clothing, as
much as a single double hem *, upon a corpse •.
28. About how long is the time 0/ the unculti-
vated state of the land— ^/r^ from admitting water
and deing" sown — on which a human being or a dog
passes away ; the inspection of the whole land on
account of the risk of dead matter having been
there, and afterwards admitting water upon it; the
sin when, through not exploring, dead matter is in
that place, and the water comes on to it ; and
whatever is on the same subject *.
29. About how to bring a corpse out of the water,
the extent of the pollution of the water .around the
corpse, the purity after bringing away the corpse from
it, and whatever is on the same subject ^ 30. About
where the bodies and bones of the departed are
deposited, and whatever is on the same subject •.
31. About how soon is the rushing of the fiend of
corruption (nasA^ dr<i^6) upon a human being or
dog that has passed away at the appointed timcy
and upon one who has done so before the appointed
time through the defectiveness (dhOgagth) of the
worldly existence; where the clothing of this one is
which is useless, and which and how is the washing
* Av. khshvai maunghd ; Vend. V, 57-59 (W.), and com- mentary on Pahl. Vend. V, 167 (Sp.).
' Pdz. dh6vana which is here assumed to be equivalent to Pers. dd bun. It is probably a reading of the Pahlavi word YY or )^Y in PahL Vend. V, 169, 172, which has been variously read as ^ii^an, 'a dirham/ diik6, * a spindle,' or yiiko, 'a rag; ' the last of which would best suit the context here.
» Vend. V, 60-62. * Vend. VI, 1-9.
» Vend. VI, 26-41. • Vend. VI, 44-51.
158 DtNKARD, BOOK VIIL
of that which is for washing \ 32. About the
heinous pollution and grievous sinfulness of de-
vouring dead matter, or of bringing // to fire or
water through sinfulness ^ 33. About the winter,
the demon-produced terror, the spider and locust ',
sickness of many kinds, mid much other evil, which
become threatening in the world owing to the for-
mation of dead matter *. 34. About how to cleanse
wood, corn, and fodder from the dead matter which
comes upon it *.
35. About medical treatment with spells, the
knife, and herbs; how to test a medical 'man, the
fee for curing, and whatever is on the same sub-
