27. About the offence which accusers would com- mit, as regards the law, by means of the law, it being
' See Chap. XX, 68. « See Chap. XX, 74.
• See Chap. XX, 153,
not allowable to commit it with their own hands ;
also as regards any one's property, about which there
is a dispute, even though with a certainty as to its
ownership.
Chapter XXIIL
GanaSd^sar-ntgad Nask.
I. One section of the next twelve is the PasO^-
hatllrvastcln {^ shepherd s-dog code'), about the shep-
herd who is selecting a shepherd's dog for the sheep,
and the shepherd with various shepherds dogs;
about the shepherd's comprehension of their service-
ableness, one with the other, and whatever is on the
same subject. 2. The extent of authorised efficiency
(^allt-girlklh) accomplished by the shepherd's-dog
nature of a shepherd's dog, after his being appointed
by the shepherd.
3. About the shepherd's preparing the means of
bedding ^ for the shepherd's dog, giving the amount
of the price of the daily food of a shepherd's dog,
provisions for the dog in the winter, and the pre-
paration of a fire beforehand which it is necessary to
make in the sheepfold (pAh-hasto). 4. About the
mode of preparing the appointed yfr^place of the
sheepfold, the position of the shepherd's dog and the
dog's fire, the means of lodging and provisioning
the shepherd's dog in the sheepfold, the sin owing to
the occasions when one proceeds to provide another
mode, and whatever is on the same subject.
5. About the diligence of the shepherd's dog, and about his being guardian (?/^the sheep asleep at night
* Or 'covering,' ^&mak&. [37] G
82 DtNKAJRD, BOOK VIII.
in flocks ^ dreading distress ; the dog, their protec-
tion, is not provided with bedding, nor with pillow,
and they are happy; every night he has to come out,
through the whole flock, three times, besides when
one of the guards (pa^ino), who is apprehensive,
counts them^ whOy every day ai dawn, has to walk
out among the sheep, with good words, to inspect
them, to apply remedies properly to the sheep that
are sick, wounded, bruised, or defective, and to be
their guardian ; also the sin owing to worrying them,
and whatever is on the same subject. 6. About
that which is to be done by him as regards the
breeding of the sheep, and likewise for the sake of
the young ones ; and the sin when he does not do it^
or shall act otherwise. 7. About his fully under-
standing where and which is the sheep for ea^h
young one. 8. About his habit and means of keep-
ing away the thief and the wolf from the sheep, and
the preservation of the sheep thereby when an awful
cloud and wind and rain arise, or when the position
of those distressed ones, at the fords of rivers,
comes opposite a locality (nisi^no) of bad footing;
when it is not possible for him to save all, he has to
save the greater in value, or the more in number.
9. About his having guarded a sheep from the
pasture <j/^ others and the retribution for the sin of
not having guarded as to the eating and damaging
of the corn and pasture of others by the sheep. 10.
About the extent of preservation by the shepherd's
dog s driving the sheep from the corn and pasture of
others of various species, such as that which one
calls the very stupid (gdltar) pig; there is, more-
P&z. pasivin for pasfivan (pi. of pasu).
Chapter Xxiii, 6-18. 83
over, the specified pasture as regards those sheep,
but the pig, which feeds upon its own predecessors,
is also that which may commit another sin, for it
feeds upon even its progeny at birth.
II. About the indication of an assembly place
(g a rang) for the sheep, in a warm or cool locality,
by the shepherd's dog. 1 2. About the characteristics
of sheep from one to four years of age. 13. About
the village (vis) of the shepherd, where the shep-
herd's dog is known when he arrives ; how it is
when a sheep has to be kept out of the sheepfold by
the shepherd's dog, and how it is when it has to be
driven by him to the village of the heedful shepherd.
14. About the coming of the shepherd unto a sheep,
and the path from the village which the shepherd
has provided for ^ the flock.
15. About a shepherd when he withholds the
daily food of a shepherd s dog, and the exhaustion
of life thereby; after the fourth deprival of food
(atapak-di^j?6) ^ it is allowable for the shepherd's
dog to kill a sheep for nourishment. 16. About a
sheep, which comes astray into the flock to be
slaughtered, being the perquisite of the butcher
(bdhar-t kA^tir), and that of the shepherd's dog
being its dog® and the appointed number of one
sheep. 17. About their extent of movement, and
their pregnancy and growing old (bdr va-khasdn).
1 8. About the sin of the shepherd, as regards the
shepherd's dog, through injustice as to work,
^ Assuming that valman stands for va/.
' See Chap. XVII, 6.
' The dog who allowed the sheep to stray being thus punished, by becoming the prey of the dog into whose flock the sheep strayed, who also receives, a sheep as his share of the butchering.
84 DtNKAW), BOOK VIII.
reward, and chastisement ; and of the shepherd s
dog, as regards the shepherd, through improperly
tending a sheep, or worrying it by exertion; also
his chastisement, and the payment that occurs for
the incompetence and unworthiness therein ; besides
adjudications between the shepherd and shepherd's
dog.
19. About the instruction which the shepherd
gives to the shepherd's dog, through reminders
(pa van ayi^lh^), to control a sheep, when, the
shepherd's dog having heard some musical notes
(srA^S gisfinS), the instruction took place in the
form of words ; and, when the notes were not heard,
even by a blow(zatam), the meahs of that instructor
being a blow. 20. About the peculiarity of the
shepherd's dog as regards its employment (rd^kir)
at the periods of satisfying menstrual excitement,
solemnizing the season-festivals, and other important
good works.
Chapter XXIV. Ganabd'Sar-nigad Nask.
I. The first section of the last thirty-five is the
Stdristdn (^ beast-of-burden code')^ particulars about
the sin, affecting the soul, due to unlawfully striking
and wounding as regards beasts of burden and
cattle ; and the retribution and compensation for it
to one's own cattle, that in case of a beast of burden
and that in case of a sheep (anftm^^), during life.
2. That which arises when one smites them with a
brand (dakhshak) ; that when one smites them on
the flank, and that when it is in front oi them ; that
CHAPTER XXIII, 19-XXlV, 10. 85
when their flanks are so smitten is complete smiting.
3. Of the smiting, too, of other members, the
smiting in front, though the smiting be such as when
one so smites for smiting on the flank, is not com-
plete smiting. 4. And that which amounts to as
much as a complete smiting, when one so smites as
for smiting on the flank, is such as that when one
casts ^the skin, and that when one casts ofi* the
flesh, thereby, that when one is cutting it, or that
when wounds (khlmdn) or serpent-scourging (m4r-
van6) ^ are upon it
5. It is also about making the dog which drives
the sheep (pasA^-haArvd) dumb. 6. About bruis-
ing the limbs and plucking the feathers of birds,
such as the case when // is complete smiting, and
such as that when // is not complete smiting. 7.
And unlawfully destroying as regards fish, such as
when it would make their flesh uneatable. 8. An
account as to noticeably and worryingly beating cattle,
about decrees of whatever kinds as to each separate
beating worryingly that is to be considered as notice-
able beating, and many decrees as to whatever is
on the same subject. 9. About the retribution for
making clothing of skins and woven wool (ta^ako),
and the sin of any one owing to kindling a fire
therewith, or roasting flesh which is stolen or
plundered.
10. About the good work of all that is wise
activity, and the reward of the happy place ^ ; the
sin of everything that is ignorant activity, and the
* Sec Chap. XVIII, 2, 6; or it may be muharvand, 'cauter- izing/
* Heaven.
86 DfNKAJU), BOOK VIII.
bridge penalty of the evil place ^ ; connected there-
with, to make him who is righteous develope in
wisdom, and to make him who is wicked diminish in
ignorance, is the world.
Chapter XXV.
Ganabd'Sar-nigad Nask.
1. The second section is the Ar'^istin {'value
code '), particulars about the value of small consump-
tion of animate, and also that of inanimate, property;
with the desirableness of information thereon, each
separately. 2. The value of not destroying a
righteous man even for a decree and justice, and of
atonement for injuring the existence^ of the fire of
Varahrdn *.
Chapter XXVI.
Ganabd'Sar-nigad Nask.
1. The third section is the Arat^^tiristAn
(* warrior code '), particulars about the worthiness of
destroying a wolf ; and^ among wolves, the greater
need of destroying (zani^ntarth) those with two
legs than those with four legs.
2. About selecting the daily supplies of warriors,
the beasts of burden^ clothing, and equipment of
warriors, and other appurtenances (^^'irtgAnaklh)
which are to be given to them ; also selecting a
horse a»^ accoutrements (z6n6-«fzdr)y<?reach one.
' Falling into hell owing to the narrowness of the ATnvai/ bridge to the other world, occasioned by an excess of sin over good works (see Dd. XXI, 5-7).
* See Chap. XIX, i. » The sacred Bahirdm fire.
Chapter Xxv, I -Xxvi, 12. 87
3. About having a man's horse trained before one
sends kim to smite enemies. 4. About the efficacy
of the resources and care of a warrior in the destruc-
tion which enemies occasion ; also the army and the
slaughter of war. 5, About the sin of the village
and abode of the warriors on the occurrence of a
battle, and what is the retribution for wounds and
damage ; what is that which is disfiguring (aplriyak)
therein, and what is that which is worthy of death
therein.
^ Whence the supplies come.
88 DtNKAieD, BOOK VIII.
1 3. About the wealth which foreigners bring away,
and this which is declared thereof, that is, * I, too,
am assisting even the wolf/ 1 4. About the display
of esteem by warriors together, the union of friend-
ship one with the other, obedient unto their com-
mander of the troops, and mindfully resigning
M^wselves to death, there being seen a spiritual
reward, without doubt, in the future existence.
15. About the choice of a commander over the
troops ; also as to his coming and understanding
the habits of his troops, each separately, through
the capability of skill which is theirs. 16. About
estimating the strength and resources of the troops,
with those of their enemies ; that is, how the battle
is to be engaged in, or how the case is when it is to
be avoided. 17. About the provision of anything
requisite ^ which warriors shall leave for safety when
there is danger in the neighbourhood from a distant
stronghold, or danger to a neighbouring stronghold
from afar. 18. About the case where, when it is
necessary to engage in battle, the horse of a warrior
has not arrived, and it is allowable to seize upon
several horses from a herd of horses. 19. About
the watchful sentinel (nig&hako p4sp&n5), and of
what kind is the information from which this is
manifest, to the army and commander of the troops,
that the enemy is well dead, or fled.
20. About a demonstration whereby they produce
terror and apprehension in the enemy. 2 1 . About
an altercation of the commander of the troops with
foreigners before a battle ; altercation also tlirough
an envoy, and calling them into subjection to the
* Or * of value ;' khvdstako having both meanings.
Chapter Xxvi, 1 3-26. 89
king of kings and the religion of the sacred beings*
22. About admonition to the troops, and declaring
the share and arrangement of special duty of each
one in the fight; announcing to the trdbps the
recompense of the active, telling and informing the
troops of the reason of being worthy of death, of
the worthiness of destroying foreigners, of the com-
mand of the sacred beings as to their destruction
when they shall not accept the Ir&nian nationality
(Alrlh), and the equally great reward and recom-
pense for their destruction announced by revelation,
the legal code (dfi^/istinlkth) of Irin.
23. About not uttering womds of irritation on the
day of battle, and not mentioning, among the troops,
any intelligence which gives the troops apprehension,
but only that which is agreeable and pleasing,
through giving heartiness and increasing the
strength. 24. About the sacred ceremonial on the
day of battle and evil deeds of war ; — a twig of the
sacred twigs of that ceremonial, and the Avesta as
regards fighting, being the first arrow well delivered
into the mark shot at; — the consecration of the
water which is nearest to the place of battle, even
by bringing holy-water; and the sequence of the
fight, that is, with which arms and appliances it is
first to be fought, and successively unto those which
are the last.
25. About the proportion of those who keep the
arms (z4^) for the combatants, and, after a victory
over foreigners, are taking away the hostages and
captives, out of the foreigners, from the combatants ;
also their return from them. 26. At what degree of
distance from them they have to carry the arms and
appliances and the restoratives for the unfatigued
