16. Of the small seas that which was most whole-
1 See p. 43, note 5.
* See Chap. II, 7.
* This is not a confused attempt to explain the tides as the effect of the land and sea breezes, as might be suspected at first, but is a reasonable conclusion from imaginary facts. Assuming that the wind always blows eastward and westward from the moon, it fol- lows that as the moon rises an easterly wind must blow, which may be supposed to drive the flood tide westward into the Persian Gulf ; until the moon passes the meridian, when the wind, changing to the west, ought to drive the ebb tide eastward out of the Gulf, thus accounting for one flow and ebb every day, dependent on the position of the moon.
* Evidently the Caspian, which lies north of Taparfstaén, a pro- vince including part of Mazendaran.
® O1 perhaps Gahi-bin, meaning probably the Mediterranean or Euxine, if not both of them; the author appears merely to have heard of the existence of such a sea in Asia Minor (Arfim). In the Selections of Zad-sparam, VI, 14, it is called Géhan-bfin,
CHAPTER XIII, 12—XIV, 2. 45
some! was the sea Kydnsih’, such as is in Sagas-
tan; aé first, noxious creatures, snakes, and lizards
(vazagh) were not in 7z¢, and the water was
sweeter ¢han im any of the other seas; later (dadi-
gar) 2¢ decame salt; at the closest, on account of the
stench, it is not possible to go so near as one league,
so very great are the stench and saltness through the
violence of the hot wind. 17. When the renovation
of the universe occurs it will again become sweet*.
CHAPTER XIV.
1. On the nature of the five classes of animals
(géspend) it says in revelation, that, when the
primeval ox passed away*, there where the marrow
came out grain grew up® of fifty and five species,
and twelve® species of medicinal plants grew ; as it
says, that out of the marrow is every separate crea-
ture, every single thing whose lodgment is in the
marrow’. 2. From the horns arose peas (migtk),
* Comparing nifstfim with Pers. nist, ‘ healthy.’
* The Av. Kasu of Vend. XIX, 18, and Zamy4d Yt. 66, 92 (see also Chaps. XX, 34, and XXI, 7). A-brackish lake and swamp now called Hamfin, ‘the desert,’ or Zarah, ‘ the sea,’ and which formerly contained fresher water than it does now.
8 The MSS. here add the first sentence of Chap. XX, and there is every reason to believe that Chaps. XX-XXII originally occupied this position, between XIII and XIV, (see the list of the contents of TD in the Introduction.)
* See Chaps. IV, 1, and X, 1.
5 All MSS. have lakhv4r, ‘again,’ but this is probably a blunder for 1414, ‘ up.’
6 K20 has ‘fifteen’ here, but ‘twelve’ in Chaps. X, 1, and XXVII, 2.
7 K2o has ‘of every single thing the lodgment is in the marrow.’
46 BUNDAHIS.
from the nose the leck, from the blood the grape-
vine! from which they make wine—on this account
wine abounds with blood—from the lungs the rue-
like herbs, from the middle of the heart? thyme /or
keeping away stench, avd every one of the others
as revealed in the Avesta.
3. The seed of the ox was carried up to the moon
station*; there it was thoroughly purified, azd pro-
duced the manifold species of animals*. 4. First,
two oxen, one male and one female, and, afterwards,
one pair of every single species was let go into the
earth, avd was discernible in Airan-vég for a Hasar
(‘mile’), which is like a Parasang (‘league ’)*; as it
says, that, on account of the valuableness of the ox,
it was created twice, one time as an ox, and one
time as the manifold species of animals. 5. A thou-
sand days and nights they were without eating, and
first water and afterwards herbage (airvar) were
devoured by them.
6. And, afterwards, the three classes (kardak) of
animals were produced therefrom, as it says that
first were the goat and sheep, and then the camel
? Probably kadfik-i raz may mean ‘ the pumpkin and grape.’
* Reading dil; but the word may also be read sar, ‘ the head,’ or jigar, ‘ the liver.’
* See Chap. X, 2.
* This translation suits both text and context very well, but gdspend pfir-sardak is evidently intended for the Av. gaus pouru-saredhé, ‘the ox of many species,’ of Mah Yt. 0, 7, and Sir6z. 12.
° Reading mfin aé parasang hum4n4k; if 3 be read for aé the translation must be, ‘three of which are like a Parasang,’ for a Hasar cannot be equal to three Parasangs (see Chaps. XVI, 7, and XXVI). The phrase in the text probably means merely that a Hisar is a measure for long distances, just as a Parasang is.
CHAPTER XIV, 3-13. 47
and swine, and then the horse and ass. 7. For,
first, ¢hose suitable for grazing were created there-
from, those are now kept in the valley (Idi); the
second created were those of the hill summits (sar-
i déz), which are wide-travellers, avd habits (niha-
dak) are not taught to them by hand; the third
created were ¢dose dwelling in the water.
8. As for the genera (khaddinak), the first genus
is that which Zas the foot cloven in two, and és suit-
able for grazing; of which a camel larger than a
horse is small azd new-born. 9. The second genus
is ass-footed, of which the swift? horse is the largest,
and the ass the least. 10. The third genus is that
of the five-dividing paw, of which the dog is the
largest, avd the civet-cat the least. 11. The fourth
genus is the flying, of which the griffon of three
natures * is the largest, and the chaffinch * the least.
12. The fifth genus is that of the water, of which
the Kar fish * is the largest, avd the Nemadu® the
least.
13. These five genera are apportioned out into
» Justi reads gfrisa&, the Av. gairish446, ‘ mountain-frequent- ing,’ of Tistar Yt. 36; but this is doubtful.
? Pahl. zibél = Pers. zibal.
8’ The Paz. sin-i se avina is the Pahl. sén-i 3 khaddinak of Chap. XXIV, 11, 29, the Sin bird or Simurgh of Persian legends, the Av. saéna. The word avina is a P&z. misreading either of ainak, ‘kind, sort,’ or of anganak, ‘dividing.’ The mixture of Pazand and Pahlavi in this and some other chapters is rather per- plexing, but the Pazand misreadings can usually be corrected after transliterating them back into Pahlavi characters.
* Reading va taru (Pers. tar).
® See Chaps. XVIII, 3, and XXIV, 13.
° If this Pazand word be written in Pahlavi letters it may be read va magan, which may stand for va magil, ‘and the leech;’ but this is very uncertain.
48 BUNDAHIS.
two hundred and eighty-two! species (sardak).
14. First are five species of goat, the ass-goat ?, the
milch-goat, the mountain-goat, the fawn, azd the
common goat. 15. Second, five species of sheep,
that with a tail, that which has no tail, the dog-
sheep, the wether, avd the Kirisk sheep, a sheep
whose horn is great; it possesses a grandeur ° like
unto a horse, avd they use z¢ mostly for a steed
(bara), as it is said that Mands#ihar kept a Karisk
as a steed. 16. Third, two species of camel, the
mountain onze and that suitable for grazing ; for one
is fit to keep in the mountain, azd one in the plain;
they are one-humped azd two-humped. 17. Fourth,
fifteen species of ox, the white, mud-coloured ¢, red,
yellow, black, avd dappled, the elk, the buffalo,
the camel-leopard ox, the fish-chewing® ox, the
Fars ox, the Kagau, avd other species of ox.
18. Fifth, eight species of horse, the Arab, the
Persian, the mule °, the ass, the wild ass (g6ér), the
hippopotamus (asp-i Avi), azd other species of
horse. 19. Sixth, ten species of dog, the shepherd's
dog, the village-dog which is the house-protector,
the blood-hound, the slender hound’, the water-
* K2o alone has 272 (see Chap. X, 3).
* The khar-bfiz (see Chap. XXIV, 2).
* Supposing se koh to be a P&z. misreading of Pahl. sukth. Justi’s translation is: ‘it inhabits the three mountains, like the horse,’
* Paz. ashgun is evidently for Pahl. hasgfin.
° Transcribing the Paz. mahi khu ushan into Pahlavi it may be read m&ahikan-khvash4n (khashan?),
* Instead of these first three species M6 has ‘ the white, black, yellow, bay, avd chestnut.’ K2z2o omits ‘the ass’ by mistake.
" These first four species are the Av. pasus-haurv6, vis-
haurvé, vOhunazg6, and taurund of Vend. V, 92-98, XIII,
21, 26-74, 117, 164, 165.
Chapter Xiv, 14-22. 49
TN ae Oe a nes ctr ecm et ne eee ne —
beaver! which they call the water-dog, the fox, the
ichneumon (rdsu), the hedgehog which they call
‘thorny-back,’ the porcupine *, avd the civet-cat; of
which, two species are those accustomed® to bur-
rows, one the fox avd one the ichneumon; avd those
accustomed to jungle are such as the porcupine
which has spines on 7s back, avd the hedgehog
which is similar. 20. Seventh, five species of the
black * hare; two are wild species, one dwelling
in a burrow® axd one dwelling in the jungle.
21. Eighth, eight species of weasel; one the mar-
ten, one the black marten, the squirrel, the Bez
ermine °, the white ermine, avd other species of
weasel, 22. Ninth, eight species of musk animals ;
one is that which is recognised by 7¢s musk’, one
mtr ne em em Ce a ae mm
1 The Av. bawris up4p6 of Aban Yt. r29.
* The word indra has usually been taken as a Paz. misreading of the Pahl. afidrak (Av. udra, ‘otter,’ of Vend. XIII, 48, 167, 169, XIV, 2), but this would be more probably read andra. The Pahl. sigar, ‘porcupine,’ is just as likely to be misread indra, and its meaning suits the context better.
* The Paz. 4mokhtesn, which is an ungrammatical form, is evidently a misreading of the Pahl. imfikhtagan.
° Reading khan-manist, the Paz. khu being an obvious mis- reading of khan.
6 The Pz. bez is written bedh in the Pizand MS. (the z in M6 being shaped something like dh), and Justi supposes it repre- sents the Arabic abyadh or bafdh§, ‘ white, and is explained by the Pers. sapéd, ‘white,’ which follows ; but there is nothing in the text to indicate that the second name is an explanation of the first. It is more probable that bez represents the Pers. bigad, ‘reddish, rufous, variegated, an epithet quite applicable to the ermine in its summer fur.
* Or, ‘is known as the musk @n/mal,
50 BUNDAHIS.
the musk azzmal with a bag in which is their
pleasant scent, the Bis-musk! which eats the Bis-
herb, the black musk which is the enemy of the ser-
pent ¢Aa¢ 7s numerous in rivers, azd other species of
musk anzmals. 23. Tenth, one hundred and ten
species of birds; flying creatures (vey=vai) such
as the griffon bird?, the Karsipt*, the eagle, the
Kahrkas* which they call the vulture, the crow,
the Arda, the crane, azd the tenth® is the bat.
24. There are two of them which have milk in the
teat and suckle thetr young, the-griffon bird and the
bat which flies in the night; as they say that the
bat is created of three races (sardak), the race
(Ayina) of the dog, the bird, azd the musk anzmad/;
for it flies like a bird, has many teeth like a dog,
and is dwelling in holes like a musk-rat. 25. These
hundred and ten species of birds are distributed into
eight groups (khadfiinak), mostly as_ scattered
about as when a man scatters seed, azd drops the
seed in fzs fingers to the ground, large, middling,
and small. 26. Eleventh ®, fish were created of ten
'A kind of musk-rat; the bis it eats is said to be the Na- pellus Moysis.
* Pahl. s@nd mirfik, the stmurgh of Persian tradition, and Av. meregh6é saén6 of Bahram Yt. 41.
® See Chap. XIX, 16. * See Chap. XIX, 25.
* Counting the ‘flying creatures’ and ‘the vulture’ as distinct species, ‘the bat’ is the tenth. It has been generally supposed that we should read ‘ eleventh,’ and consider the bats as an eleventh group, especially as the MSS. call the next group (the fish) the ‘twelfth ;’ but this view is contradicted by the remarks about the bats being mingled with those about thé birds, and also by ZAd- sparam in his Selections, Chap. IX, 14 (see App. to Bund.), not mentioning any group of bats among the other animals.
° All the MSS. have ‘twelfth,’ but they give no ‘ eleventh’ nor ‘thirteenth,’ though they have ‘fourteenth’ in § 29. These irre-
Chapter Xiv, 23-29. 5!
we a TI
species; first, the fish Ariz!, the Arzuva, the Ar-
zukaé, the Marzuka, and other Avesta names‘.
27. Afterwards, ‘within each species, species within
species are created, so the total is two hundred and
eighty-two species *.
28. Of the dog they say that out of the star
station, that is, away from the direction of the con-
stellation Haptdk-ring, was given to him further by
a stage (yégist)* than to men, on account of Azs
protection of sheep, avd as associating with sheep
and men; for this the dog is purposely adapted °,
as three more kinds of advantage are given to him
than fo man, de fas his own boots, his own cloth-
ing®, and may wander about without self-exertion.
29. The twelfth’ is the sharp-toothed beast of
