®> This name is omitted in the MSS., but is taken from § 2 as suggested by Justi. Perhaps it may be connected with ‘ the country of Séni’ (Chap. XV, 29), which is explained as being A‘nistan, probably the land of Samarkand, which place was formerly called Kin, according to a passage in some MSS. of Tabari’s Chronicle, quoted in Ouseley’s Oriental Geography, p. 298.
® Not Kaf, nor is it mentioned in the Pahlavi Vend. V, 57, as supposed by Jusii; the kaf k6p arayad of Spiegel’s edition of the Pahlavi text being a misprint for kafakO parayad, ‘it traverses a fissure’ (see Haug’s Essays, 2nd ed. p. 326, note 2).
38 BUNDAHIS.
tar’! is in Sagastén. 16. Mount Areztr? is that
which is in the direction of Ardm. 17. The Padash-
khvargar® mountain is that which is in Taparistan
and the side of Gilan. 18. The Révand* mountain
is in Khdrdsdn 5, on which the Barzin fire® was esta-
blished; and its zame Révand means this, that z¢ is
glorious. 19. The Vadgés? mountain is that which
is on the frontier of the Vadgésians ; that quarter is
full of timber azd full of trees. 20. The Bakyir®
mountain is that which Frasiyav of Tar used as a
stronghold, and he made his residence within 2¢;
and 272 the days of Yim® a myriad towns and cities
were erected on its pleasant azd prosperous ter-
ritory. 21. Mount Kabed-sikaft! (‘very rugged’)
‘ The Av. Ushi-darena of Yas. I, 41, II, 54, III, 55, IV, 45, XXII, 31, XXV, 22, Afharmazd Yt. 31, Zamyad Yt. 0, 2, 97.
* Called Areztr-biim in § 2, which name stands for the sixth and seventh mountains, Erezurd and Bumyéd, in Zamyad Yt. 2. The land of Arfim was the eastern empire of the Romans.
* Evidently the mountain range south of the Caspian, now called Albfrz; but whether this actual Albfrg is to be considered a part of the mythic Albfirg is not very clear.
* The Av. Raévaus, ‘shining,’ of Zamyféd Yt. 6. It is also called the Ridge of Vistasp (see § 34).
* Or, ‘the east.’ ® See Chap. XVII, 8.
7 The Av. Vaiti-gaés6, the twelfth mountain in Zamydd Yt. 2; Badghés in Persian.
* In § 2 it is Bakyir, which Justi thinks is another name for Mount Darspét (‘white poplar’); the latter name not being re- peated here makes this supposition probable.
° K2o has rim and M6 has lanman, but both explained by the Paz. gloss Yim, which is also the reading of the Paz. MSS. If the gloss be rejected the most probable translation would be, ‘and im our days Shatré-ram (or ramisn), the victorious, erected on it a myriad towns and cities,’
'’ Windischmann suggests that this may be intended for the Av. skyata or iskata mentioned in the note on Aparsén in § 9.
Chapter Xii, 16-28. 39
a ie
is that in Pars, out of the same Mount Apéarsén.
22. Mount Siyak-hémand (‘being black’) avd Mount
Vafar-homand (‘having snow’)', as far as their
Kavil borders, have grown out of it (Aparsén)
towards the direction of Aind. 23. The Spend-
yad* mountain is in the circuit (var) of Révand®.
24. The Kondrasp* mountain, on the summit of
which is Lake Sévbar°, is in the district (or by the
town) of Tas. 25. The Kondras® mountain is in
Airan-vég. 26. The Asnavand? mountain is in
Ataré-patakan. 27. The Réyisn-homand ® (‘ having
growth’) mountain is that on which vegetation has
grown.
28. Whatever’ mountains are those which are in every place of the various districts avd various
* The Av. Spemt6-data of Zamyad Yt. 6.
8’ The term var often means ‘lake,’ but we are not informed of any Lake Révand, though a mountain of that name is described ‘in § 18; so it seems advisable to take var here in its wider sense of ‘enclosure, circuit, district.’
* The Av. Kadrva-aspa of Zamyad Yt. 6.
® See Chap. XXII, 3. All MSS. have Sébar here.
° If the circumflex be used in Pahlavi to indicate not only the consonant d, but also the vowel i, € when it follows a vowel, as seems probable, this name can be read K6iras; in any case, it is evidently intended for the Av. Kaoirisa in Zamydd Yt. 6, It is written K6éndras in § 2.
7 The Av. Asnavau of Zamyad Yt. 5, Atash Nydy. 5, Sirdz. 9. See also Chap. XVII, 7.
8 The Av. Raoidhité, the eighth mountain of Zamyad Yt. 2.
® So in M6 and the Paz. MSS., but K2o has, ‘ The country
mountains.’
40 BUNDAHIS.
countries, and cause the tillage avd prosperity there-
in, are many 7 name and many zz number, and
have grown from these same mountains. 29. As
Mount Ganavad, Mount Asparég, Mount Pahargar,
Mount Dimdavand, Mount Ravak, Mount Zarin,
Mount Gésbakht, Mount Davad, Mount Migin, and
Mount Marak?, which have all grown from Mount
Aparsén, of which the other mountains are enume-
rated. 30. For the Davad? mountain has grown
into Khiigistan likewise from the Aparsén mountain.
31. The Dimdvand? mountain is that in which
Bévarasp is bound. 32. From the same Padashkh-
vargar mountain unto Mount Kimis*, whzch they
call Mount Madéfryad (‘Come-to-help’) — that in
which Vistasp routed Argasp—is Mount Miyan-i-
‘dast’ (‘mid-plain’)®, azd was broken off from that
mountain there. 33. They say, in the war of the reli-
gion, when there was confusion among the Iranians
it broke off from that mountain, azd slid down zzZo
the middle of the plain; the Iranians were saved by
‘ This list is evidently intended to include the chief mountains known to the author of the Bundahis, which he could not identify with any of those mentioned in the Avesta.
* This is the Pazand reading of the name, on which very little reliance can be placed; the Pahlavi can also be read Danad, and it may be the Deana mountain, 12,000 feet high, near Kaski-zard.
’ See Chap. XXIX, 9. This volcanic mountain, about 20,000 feet high and near Teheran, still retains this ancient Persian name, meaning ‘wintry.’ It is the chief mountain of the Padashkhvargar range, which the Bundahis evidently considers as an offshoot of the Aparsén ranges.
* The present name of a mountain between NisA4pfr and the desert.
° The name of a place about midway between Astarab4d and
Nisapir. This mountain is called Migin in § 29, probably from a
place called Mezinan in the same neighbourhood,
Chapter Xii, 29—Xiii, I. 4
it, and it was called ‘Come-to-help’ by them. 34.
The Gandvad! mountain is likewise there, on the
Ridge of Vistasp (pfist-i Vistaspdn)? at the abode
of the Barzin-Mitré fire, nine leagues (parasang) to
the west. 35. Ravak Bisan® is in Zravakad; this
place, some say, is Zravad, some call 7¢ Bisan, some
Kalak; from this the road of two sides of the moun-
tain is down the middle of a fortress; for this reason,
that is, because it is there formed, they call Kalak
a fortress; this place they also call within the land
of Sarak. 36. Mount Aspardég* is established from
the country of Lake Xééast* unto Pars. 37. Pahar-
gar (‘the Pahar range’) is in Kharasan. 38. Mount
Marak®* is in Laran. 39. Mount Zarin is in Tarkis-
tan. 40. Mount Bakht-tan? is in Spahan.
41. The rest, afart from this enumeration, which
they reckon as fostering hills of the country in the
religion of the Mazdayasnians, are the small hills,
those which have grown piecemeal in places.
CHAPTER XIII.
1. On the nature of seas it says in revelation, that
the wide-formed ocean keeps one-third of this earth
on the south side of the border of Albairz *, azd so
1 The Pers. Kandbad, or Gunabad, is near Gumin.
* Another name for Mount Révand (§ 18). See Chap. XVII, 8.
® Probably in Kirman.
* The mountain ranges of western Persia, including the Mount Zagros of classical writers.
® See Chap. XXII, 2.
* Probably the Merkhinah range in northern LAristan.
” The Bakhtiyart range in the province of Ispahan.
* Or perhaps better thus: ‘the wide-formed ocean is in the
42 BUNDAIIIS.
wide-formed is the ocean that the water of a thou-
sand lakes is held by it, such as the source Arédviv-
stir}, wich some say is the fountain lake. 2. Every
particular lake is of a particular kind’*, some are
great, and some are small; some are so large that
a man with a horse might compass ¢Ae around in
forty days*, which is 1700 leagues (parasang) in
extent,
3. Through the warmth and clearness of the
water, purifying more than other waters, everything
continually flows from the source Arédvivstir. 4. At
the south of Mount Albarz a hundred thousand
golden channels are there formed, azd that water
goes with warmth and clearness, through the chan-
nels, on to Htigarthe lofty *; on the summit of that
mountain is a lake®; into that lake it flows, becomes
quite purified, and comes back through a different
golden channel. 5. At the height of a thousand
men an open golden branch from that channel is
connected with Mount Adsindém° amid the wide-
formed ocean; from there one portion flows forth to
the ocean for the purification of the sea, avd one
portion drizzles in moisture upon the whole of this
ries and all the creations of Atharmazd acquire
direction of the south limit of Albfirz, avd possesses one-third of this earth,’
' The Av. Ardvi stra of Abén Yt. 1, &.
* Literally, ‘for every single lake /here zs a single kind;’ but we may perhaps read 14, ‘not,’ instead of the very similar rf, ‘for, and translate as follows: ‘every single lake is not of one kind ;’ which expresses very nearly the same meaning.
F Compare Aban Yt. ror.
* See Chap. XII, 5.
* Lake Urvis (see Chap. XXII, rr).
* See Chaps. XII, 6, and XVIII, 10, 11.
Chavter Xiii, 2-Ii. 43
nc a he eer _ _ a —
health from it, and it dispels the dryness of the atmosphere,
6. Of the salt seas three are principal, avd twenty-
three are small. 7, Of the three which are principal,
one is the Patik, one the Kamrfid, and one the
Sahi-bin. 8. Of all three the Patik! is the largest,
in which is a flow and ebb, on the same side as the
wide-formed ocean, avd it is joined to the wide-
formed ocean. 9. Amid this wide-formed ocean, on
the Patik side, it has a sea which they call the Gulf
(var) of Satavés*. 10. Thick and salt the stench ®
wishes to go from the sea Pitik to the wide-formed
ocean; with a mighty high wind therefrom, the Gulf
of Satavés drives away whatever is stench, and
whatever is pure and clean goes into the wide-
formed ocean and the source Arédvivsir; avd that
flows back a second “me to Patik*. 411. The con-
trol® of this sea (the Patik) is connected with the
' The Av. Phitika of Vend. V, 52, 57, and evidently the Persian Gulf.
* So called from the constellation Satavés (§ 12), see Chap. IT, 7. The details given in the text are applicable to the Gulf and Sea of ’Uman, the Arabian Sea of Europeans. The description of this Gulf, given in the Pahl. Vend. V, 57, which is rather obscure, is as follows: ‘In purification she impurities flow, in the purity of water, from the sea Pftik into the wide-formed ocean; at the southernmost side /e wafer stands back in mist, and the blue body of Satavés stands back around it. Pftik stands ou/ from the side of Satavés, this is where z/ 7s. From which side it stands is not clear to me. The water comes to Satavés through the bottom ; some say that it traverses a fissure.’
* Perhaps a better reading would be stfirg sfir-i géndakth, ‘the intense saltness which is stench.’ The author appears to have had some vague idea of the monsoon.
* Or, perhaps, ‘ the other (the stench) flows back to Patik.’
® Reading band; but it may be béd, ‘consciousness, sensi- tiveness.’
44 BUNDAHIS.
moon and wind; it comes again azd goes down, in
increase and decrease, because of her revolving.
12. The control! also of the Gulf of Satavés is
attached to the constellation Satavés, in whose pro-
tection are the seas of the southern quarter, just as
those on the northern side are in the protection of
Haptok-ring *. 13. Concerning the flow azd ebb it
is said, that everywhere from the presence of the
moon two winds continually blow, whose abode is in
the Gulf of Satavés, one they call the down-draught,
and one the up-draught; when the up-draught blows
zt 7s the flow, and when the down-draught blows it
is the ebb*, 14. In the other seas there is nothing
of the nature of a revolution of the moon therein,
and there are no flow avd ebb. 15. The sea of
Kamrtid* is that which they pass by, in the north,
in Taparistan; that of Sahi-bfin® is in Aram.
