1 Vika/agn'ha,
Rules for Yatis. 303
and, putting his things together, he should, while
the sun has not yet set, go to the. place where he
is lodged ; but he is not allowed to pass the night
in the former place. (36) During the Paggnsan,
&c. (see $ 32, down to) tree. (37) It is not allowed
that there at the same place should stand together
one monk and one nun, nor one monk and two nuns,
nor two monks and one nun, nor two monks and two
nuns. But if there is a fifth person, a male or female
novice, or if that place can be seen (by those who
pass) or doors open on it, then they are allowed to
stand there together. (38) During the Pa^^usan,
&c. (see 32, down to) tree. It is not allowed that
there at the same place should stand together a
monk and a lay woman, &c. (through the four cases
as in 28). But if there is a fifth person, a Sthavira
or a Sthavird, or if that place can be seen (by those
who pass) or doors open on it, then they are allowed
to stand there together. The same rule applies to
a nun and a layman. (39)
14. During the Pa^usan monks or nuns are not
allowed to accept food, drink, dainties, and spices for
one who has not asked them, and whom they have
not promised to do so. (40)
' Why has this been said, Sir?' * Because one
who collects alms for another without being asked
for it, might eat them or not, just as he lists/ (41)
15. During the Paggusan monks or nuns are not
allowed to take their meals as long as their body is
wet or moist. (42)
* How has this been said, Sir?' 'Seven plkces
which retain the moisture have been declared : the
hands, the lines in the hand, the nails, the top of
the nails, the brows, the under lip, the upper lip, 1
304 KALPA S$TRA.
But when they perceive that the water on their body
has dried up and the moisture is gone, then they are
allowed to take their meals. (43)
1 6. There are these eight classes of small things
which a mendicant ought diligently to perceive,
observe, and inspect, viz. living beings, mildew,
seeds, sprouts, flowers, eggs, layers, and moisture.
What is ^understood by the small living beings?
The small living beings are declared to be of five
kinds : black, blue, red, yellow, and white ones.
There is an animalcule called Anuddhari, which
when at rest and not moving is not easily seen by
monks and nuns who have not yet reached perfection,
which when not at rest but moving is easily seen by
monks and nuns who have not yet reached perfec-
tion. Monks and nuns who have not yet reached
perfection must diligently perceive, observe, and
inspect this. Those are the small living beings. (44)
What is understood by small mildew ? Small
mildew has been declared to be of five kinds : black,
blue, &c. There is a kind of small mildew which
has the same colour as the substance on which it
grows. Monks, nuns, &c. (see 44, down to) inspect
this. That is small mildew.
What is understood by small seeds ? Small seeds
are declared to be of five kinds : black, blue, &c.
There is a kind of small seeds of the same colour
as grain 1 . Monks and nuns, &c. (see 44, down to)
inspect this. Those are the small seeds.
What is understood by small sprouts ? Small
sprouts are declared to be of five kinds : black,
blue, &c. There is a kind of small sprouts of
1 Kaoikl
Rules for Yatis. 305
the same colour as earth. Monks and nuns, &c.
(see 44, down to) inspect them. Those are the
small sprouts.
What is understood by small flowers ? Small
flowers are declared to be of five kinds : black,
blue, &c. There is a kind of small flowers of
the same colour as the tree (on which they grow).
Monks and nuns, &c. (see 44, down to) inspect
them. Those are the small flowers.
What is understood by small eggs ? Small eggs
are declared to be of five kinds : eggs of biting
insects 1 , of spiders, of ants, of lizards (or wasps) 2 ,
and of chameleons 3 ; Monks and nuns, &c, (see
44, down to) inspect them. Those are the small
eggs-
What is understood by small caves or lairs ?
Small caves or lairs are declared to be of five
kinds : lairs of animals of the asinine kind, chasms,
holes, cavities widening below like the stem of a
palm tree, and wasps' nests. Monks and nuns, &c.
(see 44, down to) inspect them. Those are the
small caves or lairs.
What is understood by small moisture ? Small
moisture is declared to be of five kinds : dew, hoar-
frost 4 , fog, hailstones, and damps. Monks and nuns,
1 Uddaw^a, mosquitoes, gadflies, bugs.
8 Halikd, explained by gr/hakokila, which I take to mean the same as gr/hagolikfi, a kind of lizard ; and vrdhmawi, a kind of wasps, ditto, of lizards.
8 HallohaliyS, which is declared by the commentator to be synonymous with ahiloaft, saradfi, and kakki#</i. Of these words only sara^t is known ; for it seems to be the same with Sanskrit sara/a or sara/u, c chameleon, lizard,' and Maratht sara/a, * hedge- lizard.'
4 Hima^ stv&nodaka/*.
306 KALPA S^TRA.
&c. (see 44, down to) inspect this. That is small moisture. (45)
17. During the Pa^^usan 1 a monk might wish to
frequent the abodes oTTiouseholders for the sake of
collecting alms. He is not allowed to go without
asking leave of the teacher, or sub-teacher, or reli-
gious guide, or Sthavira, or head of the Ga#a, or
Ga^adhara, or founder of the Ga#a, or whom else
he regards as his superior ; he is allowed to go
after having asked leave of one of these persons
(in this way) : ' I want with your permission to fre-
quent the abodes of householders for the sake of
collecting alms/ If he (the superior) grants per-
mission, one is allowed to go ; if not, v onfe is not
allowed to go.
'Why has this been said, Sir?' i The teacher
knows how to make good what has been done
wrong/ (46) The same rule applies concerning
the visits to temples and leaving the house for
easing nature 2 , or any other business, also the
wandering from village to vh'age. (47)
1 8. During the Pa^usan a monk might wish to
take some medicine ; he is not allowed to take, it
without asking leave of the teacher, &c. (see 47,
down to) founder of the Ga^a ; but he is allowed
to take it after having asked leave of one of these
persons (in this way) : ' I want, Sir, with your per-
mission to take some medicine/ viz. so much or so
often. If he, &c. (see 46, down to) wrong. (48)
1 The whole of the seventeenth rule holds good not only for the rainy season, but also for the rest of the year (rrtubaddhak&la).
9 Viharabhfimi and vUdrabhfimi, which in the A&lrdhga Sfitra I have, according to the explanation of the commentary, translated 'places for study and religious practices/
Rules for Yatis. 307
The same rule applies if a monk wants to undergo
some medical cure. (49) Also if he wants to do
some exalted penance. (50) Also if he intends,
after the last mortification of the flesh which is to
end in death, to wait for his last hour without
desiring it, in total abstinence from food and drink
or in remaining motionless ; also if he wants to go
out or to enter, to eat food, &c., to ease nature, to
learn his daily lesson, to keep religious vigils he
is not allowed to do it without asking leave. (51)
19. If durirg the Pa < g^usan a monk wants to dry
or warm (in the sun) his robe, alms-bowl, blanket,
broom, or any other utensil,, he is not allowed with-
out asking one or many persons to frequent the
abodes of householders for the sake of collecting
alms, to eat food, &c., to visit temples or leave the
house for easing nature, to learn his daily lesson,
to lie down with outstretched limbs or stand in some
posture. If there is somebody near, one or many
persons, then he should say :. ' Sir, please mind this
(robe, &c.) while I frequent the abodes of house-
holders, &c. (see above, down to) posture/ If that
person promises to do it, then he (the monk) is
allowed to go ; if he does not promise it, then he
is not allowed to go. (52)
20. During the Pa^usan monks or nuns are not
allowed to be without their proper bed or bench 1 .
This is the reason : A mendicant whose bed and
bench are not reserved for his own use, are low
and rickety, not sufficiently fastened, without a
fixed place, and never exposed to the fun, and
1 The commentator translates pi/a, ' stool/ and phalaka, 'bench ;' they are of course not the property of the mendicant, but only temporally reserved for his use.
3O8 KALPA sflTRA.
who is not circumspect in what he does, nor accus- t
tomed to inspect and clean the things' of his use,
will find it difficult to exercise control; (53) but on
the contrary, control will be easy to him. (54)
21. During the Pa^fusan monks or nuns must
always inspect three spots where to ease nature ;
not so in the summer and winter, as in the rainy
season. 'Why has this been said, Sir?' 'For in
the rainy season living beings, grass, seeds, mildew,
and sprouts frequently come forth.' (55)
22. During the Pa^^xisan monks or nuns must have
three pots, one for ordure, one for urine, and a
spitting-box. (56) Monks and nuns, who wear after
the Pa^usan their hair as short as that of a cow,
are not allowed to do so during the Pa^usan after
that night (of the fifth Bhddrapada) ; but a monk
should shave his head or pluck out his hair 1 .
Shaving with a razor every month, cutting with
scissors every half-month, plucking out every six
months. (57) This is the conduct chiefly of Stha-
viras during the rainy season 2 .
1 After these words the text has pakkhiya arovawd, which is explained in two ways : i. every half-month the tied strings on the bed should be Untied and inspected ; the same should be done with wicker-work (Pdavaraka ; cf. Hindi daurd, * basket'); 2. every half- month prayajvfcitta should be made. The commentator Samaya- sundara says that these words are not connected with the preceding and following ones ; their import (paramartha) should be learned from a well-instructed brother (gitdrtha). I think that pakkhiyd is not connected with paksha, 'half-month,' but with ke^apaksha, * braid of hair, tresses;' the two words, or rather the compound, would in that case denote arrangement of (or in) tresses or braids, and relate to nuns who do not, as far as I know, shave their head. A precept for nuns is just what would be expected at this place, after one for monks (&rya) has been given.
* The last words are variously interpreted by the commentators..
Rules for Yatis. 309
23. During' the Pag^usan monks or nuns should
not use harsh words after the commencement of
the Pa^usan ; if they do, they should be warned :
* Reverend brother (or sister), you speak unman-
nerly/ One who (nevertheless) uses harsh words
after the commencement of the Pa^jfusan, should be
excluded from the community. (58)
24. If, during the Pa^usan, among monks or
nuns occurs a quarrel or dispute or dissension, the
young monk should ask forgiveness of the superior,
and the superior of the young monk. They should
forgive and ask forgiveness, appease and be ap-
peased, and converse without restraint 1 . For him
who is appeased, there will be success (in control) ;
for him who is not appeased, there will be no sue-
cess ; therefore one should appease one's self. ' Why
has this been said, Sir?' ' Peace is the essence of
monachism.' (59)
25. During the Pa^usan monks or nuns should have three lodging-places ; (two) for occasional use,
