of motion; but is carried by it through sympathy, to a genesiurgic nature. Hence he very properly says, that the whole animal is moved. For the body is moved through the soul, and the soul losing its own life, lues the life of the composite [of body and soul]. The whole animal therefore is moved. And after another manner also you may say that Plato asserts the uhvle is moved, in order to dis¬ tinguish it from the ntiivt-rso, For this, as we have before olisi rved, is not moved according to the whole of itself, hut only lit its parts Since liowrn r the stars are moved w ith an advancing motion [or in unlccedenliaj, each is moved according to the whole, and not according to the parts only ; yet they are moved in an orderly maimer, ami not as vve are: for they follow the universe. Hut Plato adds, disorderly ; indicating by this, that the motion is material, and all- variously anomalous, and that it .#egins from the subordinate nature, the order being inverted. It is necessary however, in the same manner as in divine natures that the motion should originate from the more exet llent nature. 'I he expression likewise casually, signifies the rash and unstable nature of the motion; and the word proctetls, indicates the departure of souls from themselves; all which parti¬ culars are posterior to divine animals, in whom intellect is the cause* of energy, and each proceeds and at the seme time abides. The word irrationally follows also in a becoming manner. For where order fails there 1 lie irrational secretly enters. For reason is the cause cf order and measure, and of the participation of good.
Moreover, the multitude of motions Incomes apparent in these, anti the number ol all tin* motions of the mortal aniin d. For as bodies have three dimensions, anti are mingled from contraries, contrariety In mg a tlnad,' and assuming the triad, produces this number of motions. For it is necessary that there should he only a triple interval, or dimension, In-cause interval is reason lor a productive principle], proceeding from the impaitible into matt r, and investing it with vturphe. Ami the imparlihle indeed is muiiidie ; hut progression is dyadic; and morphe triadic. For that which has proceeded, returning, or being * i.averted to its principle, lias hound and morphe. lint it is necessary that there should he contrariety in the motions, according to position. For the extremities of every right line are opposed to each other. Hence of tin three dimensions, the opposi¬ tion according to the extremities will be the upward and downward, the right hand ami the left, lnforc anti behind. The complication therefore of contrariety, with the triad of dimensions, products the six motions; anti tins number is adapted to the animated hotly. For according to the Pythagoreans, the monad
1 I lie word airwi is omitted here in 1 lie original, but evidently ought to be inserted.
* For hut here, read bar
TI.MXCS OF FLAK).
is analogous to a point; the duad, to a line; the triad, to a superficies; the tetrad, to a body; the pentad, to a body endued with a certain rpiahtv ;' and the hexad, to an animated body. This number of motions therefore, is appropriately attributed to mortal animals, whose generation proceeds from the even 1 numln-r, and a formless nature. It is not proper however, to wonder, that animals should have so many motions, but inanimate natures only one motion; as that a clod of earth should only have a motion downward, but fl ime, a contrary motion. For we shall find by inspection, that frequently the extremes are more simple than the media, hui the media more various than the extremes. 1 Thus for instance, we see, that nature and matter are more simple than body, and the irrational life and intel¬ lect, than the rational soul. Hut intellect indeed, is more simple, according to that which is more, ami irrationality according to that which is less, excellent. It lives however, without deliberate choice, and conformably to nature. If there¬ fore, in motions, we see that divine animals and inanimate bodies have a more simple motion, but the media abundantly wander, and are nmltiformlv borne alone;, what occasion is there to wonder 7 For the simplicity indeed of divine motion, is more excellent than the variety in mortal natures ■ but the simplicity of inanimate lx'in^s is less excellent ; just as divine bodies are essentially' simple, according to that w hich is better than composite natures, but the inanimate parts of the de¬ ments are more simple than concrete masses, according to that which is less excel¬ lent,* as not having the proper life of living lieings.
“ For though the inundating and effluxivc waves, which afford nutri¬ tion to the animal, pour along with impetuous abundance, yet a still greater tumult and perturbation is produced, through the passions arising from external impulsions ; either when the body' is disturbed by the sud¬ den incursion of external fire, or by the solid mass of earth, or is agi¬ tated by the whirling blasts of the air. For from ail these, through the medium of the body, various motions are hurried along, and fall with molestation on the soul/'
’ Instead ««f in tins place, it is requisite lo read, trrrm^riy.
1 For aypioK litre, it is necessary lo read aprtnv.
1 The original is defective here, for there is nothing more than ra fe fjrtra weir , 0 0 m . This defi¬ ciency however, ruay be supplied by reading, conformably lo the above translation, ra hr ptwa weir, U
rrpn rwr arpwr.
* The word x , ‘P or * 11 wanting here in the original.
Phoc1xs on the
[book V,
In what is here said, the philosopher refers to two causes all this tumult, viz. to the nutritive anil sensitive hie. But these causes are that which is oreetic, and that which is gnostic, in the vv hole of the irrational nature ; into which also we are accustomed to divide all the powers of the soul, asserting that some of them are vital, hut others gnostic, l or the nutritive life, verging to bodies, produces an abundant tlux in them ; through their moisture indeed, emitting an abundant material etllux, but through vivilic heat, receiving all influx of other things. But the scnsitivi life Millers by tlie bodies of fire, larth, air, and water, falling on it. Conceiving likewise all these passions to be great through the vileness of its life, it occasions tumult and perturbation in the soul. And to those indeed, who have arrived at maturity, all these have become habitual; but to such as have lieen recently born, the smallest things, through being unusual, lieeome the causes of astonishment. For what a great tire is to the former, that thesnufl of a candle is to the latter. What the magnitude likewise of very lofty mountains is to tlie former, that the smallest ol stones is to the latter. For this is sullicienl to give them pain, and by ini[Hibng llietr energies, to eal! forth taeir tears. And what stormy winds, and streams of water from the heavens, are to adults, that a small motion of the air, or a slip through a little moisture, is to infants. For sense l*eing agitated through the percussion of all these, astonishes the soul of those that are recently born, and leads it into ditliculty and tumult. Tin >e therefore, are in short, the causes of the perturbation of souls, viz. the motion of tin nutritive power, and the |n rcussioiis of sense. We must not however, fancy that the soul sutlers any thing through these. For as if sunn one standing on the margin of a liver, should he¬ boid the image and form ufhims. if in the floating stream, lie indeed will preserve his fare unchanged ; hut the stream being all variously moved, will chaie-e the image, SO that at different times a will appear to him difli rent, oblique, and erect, and |M ihaps divulsed and continuous. [ A t us suppox too, tli.it such a one, through Ireing unaccustomed to the spectacle, should think that it was himself that sutlered this distortion,' in consequence ot surveying his shadow in the water, and thus thinking, should he alihc ted and disturbed, astonished and impeded. Alter the same manner, the soul, beholding the image of herself in body, borne along in the river of gt ueration, and variously disposed at diflcrent times throii'di inward passions and external impulses, is indeed herself impassive, but thinks that she sutlers ; and hung ignorant of, and mistaking her image for, herself, is disturbed, astonished, and perplexed. 1 I Iris passion however particularly exists
llurc is .m IimIus lure in 1 he ordinal, win,), may be filled up by adding alar roe .o^cra the * Fur (b um-pciw lit IT, lead «
HOOK V. ] TIM .TIL'S OI PI.ATO.
in children recent Iv horn ; Iml it also exhibits ilsdt in dreams in adults. 1 inis win n sum' nni*. in riinsoijuenei- oi nature being latigucd in lIn* concoction «»1 tiie fin id, I a tines hi a dream tli.it lie is weary, that lie is journey mu through a (hi limit road 111 at lie is < a it v inn burdens, or sutlers mhiicIIiiic * lse nt tin* like kind, t lien tills pa**mn Inti lilies appan lit. And it Is possible tidlii these tilings In survey tllC nature of the passions of children.' And thus mudi may suffice at present as to these particular*.
It is iviiuisiti however, to proreed to the words ot Plato and to say, that the T cares manifest not the externally blow in" wind, as some assert, lint the congregated folly * existing in vonth, and the ahumlaut intlux and elllux. Hut the //miniulwn signifies. 111 the lir*t plan-, that the pneumatic vehicle is agitated and made heavier; for it is this, which exhibits in itself stains and vapours; and in the se¬ cond place, the soul, for it is disturbed by congregated impulses.
“And on this account all these were then, and are still now'denominat¬ ed senses.”
According to Plato, the senses receive their appellation from passion. If therefore, we should say, that the senses are motions placed inwardly, the asser¬ tion would hr attended with much 1 accusation, from grammatical* observation. But if we should say, that the *i uses are mingled from inw ard motions and pas¬ sion, perhaps am n nt usage would testily in lavour ot the assertion. l‘or sense (aurOr.iri^) with four sylhihh i* a certain ooVirTic,
O s’ (3; 5 j u* a*7u> (lege
says Homer. But the word •jiiVJtjtu', will be from arm*,* and ^ 3 erij’, T sensible object* indei d being moved externally, but the motions tending through the hodv to the soul, and producing as Plato says, sensations. Aery properly therefore, did tho*c who first pereeived the nature of the passion, and those in the present period, who did not entirely perceive it, thus denominate the senses. And those who now still gne this apjwllation to the senses, do it because there is similarly
’ Instead of t r?*>r iii llu place, it is necessary to read xai&*r.
* Fur n^rorj'Ttt here, it is requisite to read n^joeijoie.
1 For ifc.Wni'i here, it is ncccssaiy to read irvXvi.
* For ynn/jfimji here, reail
1 i. e. " He "roan'il, and breathed his Iasi.” 11. xvL ▼. 408.
6 The verb aitrnr, is from aiw, which not only signifies to bear, and to blow away, but also to un¬ derstand and know.
f i. e. Position.
PltOCLUS ON THE
[book ▼.
44fi
a complication lit them of passion ami judgment, or of motion and position. For the motion of the soul itself alone, is impassive; lint that which pervades from the body to tlie soul, is accompanied with passion.
“And these indeed, Noth then ami at present, receiving 1 the most abundant and greatest motion, and bein',' moved together with that incessantly flowing stream, and vehemently agitating the circulations of the soul, they entirel y letter the circulation of the same , flowing in a direc¬ tion contrary to it, and restrain its energies, as it rules and proceeds; but agitate tbe circulation of the different."