The Sources 425
contains large fragments of two distinct doxographies. One is of the merely biographical, anecdotic, and apophthegmatic _kind used by Hippolytos in his first four chapters; the other is of a better class, more like the source of Hippolytos’ remaining chapters. An attempt is made to disguise this “contamination” by referring to the first doxography as a “summary ” (κεφαλαιωδής) account, while the second is called “particular ” (ἐπὶ μέρους).
16. Short doxographical summaries are to be found in _Eusebios (2. Z. x., xiv., xv.), Theodoret (G7. aff: cur. ii. 9-11), Irenzeus (C. Aaer. ii. 14), Arnobius (Adv. nat. ii. 9), Augustine (Civ. Dei, viii. 2). (These depend mainly upon the writers of ** Successions,” whom we shall have to consider in the next section. ) C.—BIOGRAPHERS
17. The first to write a work entitled Swccessions of the Philosophers was Sotion (Diog. ii. 12; ΒΕ. P. 4 a), about 200 B.c. ‘The arrangement of his work is explained in Doz. p. 147. It was epitomised by Herakleides Lembos. Other writers of Acadoyai were Antisthenes, Sosikrates, and Alexander. All these compositions were accompanied by a very meagre doxography, and made interesting by the addition of un- authentic apophthegms and apocryphal anecdotes.
18. The’ peripatetic Hermippos of Smyrna, known as Καλλιμάχειος (¢c. 200 B.C.), wrote several biographical works which are frequently quoted. The biographical details are very untrustworthy indeed; but sometimes bibliographical information is added, which doubtless rests upon the Πένακες of Kallimachos.
19. Another peripatetic, Satyros, the pupil of Aristarchos, wrote (c. 160 B.c.) Lives of Famous Men. ‘The same remarks apply to him as to Hermippos. His work was epitomised by Herakleides Lembos.
20. The work which goes by the name of Laertios Diogenes is, in its biographical parts, a mere patchwork of all
Patristic \dox« graphies.
Successions.
Hermippos. —
Satyros.
‘* Diogenes —
426 Early Greek Philosophy
earlier learning. It has not been digested or composed by any single mind at all. It is little more than a collection of extracts made at haphazard, possibly by more than one successive possessor of the MS. But, of course, it contains much that is of the greatest value.
D.—Chronologists
Pras oathenes 21. The founder of ancient chronology was Eratosthenes
ee: of Kyrene (275-194 B.c.); but his work was soon supplanted by the metrical version of Apollodoros (¢c. 140 B.c.), from which most of our information as to the dates of early philosophers is derived. See Diels’ paper on the Xpovixd of Apollodoros in hein. Mus. xxxi.; and Jacoby, Apollodors Chrontk (1902).
The method adopted is as follows :—If the date of some striking event in a philosopher’s life is known, that is taken as his floruit (ἀκμή), and he is assumed to have been forty years old at that date. In default.of this, some historical era is taken as the floruit. Of these the chief are the eclipse of Thales 586/5 B.c., the taking of Sardeis in 546/5 B.c., the accession of Polykrates in 532/1 B.c., and the foundation of Thourioi in 444/3 B.c. Further details will easily be found by reference to the Index, s.v. Apollodoros.
Indexes
I. English
Aahmes, 22, 46
Abaris, 87, 97 2. 3
Abdera, school of, 381
Abstinence, Orphic and Pythagorean, 102 sq., 104 sq. ; Empedoklean,
Academy, 35
Achilles and the Tortoise, 367
Aether. See αἰθήρ
Aetios, App. § το
Aigospotamos, meteoric stone of, 292, 312, 413 sq.
Air, 77, 78, 79 ”. 1, 120, 173, 214,
224, 263, 309, 336, 341, 411 sq.
See ἀήρ
Akousmata, 105 sq., 328
Akousmatics, 96, 103
Akragas, 228 sqq.
Akron, 231
Alexander Aetolus, 295
Alexander Aphrodisiensis, 139, 209
Alkidamas, 229 71. 1, 231 71. 5, 235; 297 2. 5, 321 2. 2, 360
Alkmaion, 123 71. I, 223 sq., 236, 327, 344, 350
Amasis, 39
Ameinias, 193
Anaxagoras, 290 sqq.; and Perikles,
294 sqq.; and Euripides, 295;
relation to Ionic school, 292 ; and
Zeno, 362
Anaxagoreans, 35 #. 3, 415
Anaximander, 52 sqq.
Anaximenes, 75 566. ; School of, 83, 292, 408 n. 2
Androkydes, 328
Andron of Ephesos, 93
Animals, Anaximander,
Empedokles, 279 sqq.; Anaxa-
goras, 315 sqq.; Diogenes of
Apollonia, 414
Antichthon, 344, 349 sqq.
72 qq. ;
Antonius Diogenes, 92
Apollo Hyperboreios, 93 #. I, 97 nN. 3, 232
Apollodoros, App. ὃ 21, 43, 52, 75,
94 1. 2, 125, 143, 192 Sq., 228 sq.,
290 sq-, 358, 370
Apollonios of Tyana, 90, 92
Apophthegms, 51, 127
Archelaos, 415 sqq.
Archippos, 99, 319
Archytas, 110, 319, 328, 346
Aristarchos of Samos, 349
Aristeas of Prokonnesos, 87, 97 #. 3
Aristophanes, 75, 296 2. 4, 381, 408
Aristotle, App. § 2; on Egypt, 18,
23; on Thales, 47 sqq., 50; on
Anaximander, 57 564. ; on Pytha-
goras, 93 2.1, I00, 107 #. 3;
on Xenophanes, 137 sq., 139 56. ;
on Herakleitos, 160 #. 1, 162,
177, 179; on Parmenides, 193,
203, 207, 208, 213; on Alkmaion,
223; on Empedokles, 177 %. 2,
228 #. 3, 231 2. 4, 234, 237, 253
n. 2, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271,
272, 274 m. I, 278, 280, 281, 397
m.2; on Anaxagoras, 263 #. 3,
291, 303, 305, 306, 309, 310; On
the Pythagoreans, 100 #. I, 110,
III ”. I, 110, 331 566., 353 $99;
on Zeno, 361, 365 sqq.; on Melissos,
374 we 377: 378 ; pedeesigcicsy
380, 385 Sq., 357, 397 ™ Ti
Hippon, 49 #. 2, 406 ; on the .
levis, 74 κι x; on the theoretic life,
90, 108; on the mysteries, 91
[Aristotle] de Mundo, 185
[Aristotle] de Plantis, 279 π. 2, 298 nm. 2, 315
Aristoxenos on Pythagoras, 92, 94
n. 1,95, 96”. 2, 3, 98 Sq., 102, TOO
m. 2; on the Pythagoreans, 107,
428 Early Greek Philosophy
319, 334, 353; Πυθαγορικαὶ ἀπο-
φάσεις, 100 7”. 2, 325; On Hippon,
406 z. 1; on Plato, 323 sqq.
Arithmetic, Egyptian, 22, 111 ”. 2; Pythagorean, 109 sq.
Arithmetical symbolism, 111
Astronomy, Babylonian and Greek,
25 sqq. See Heavenly bodies,
Sun, Moon, Planets, Stars, Earth,
Eclipses, Geocentric and Helio-
centric hypothesis
Atheism, 51, 75, 141
Athens, Parmenides and Zeno at, 192; Anaxagoras at, 294
Atomism. See Leukippos
Atoms, 387 sqq.
Babylonian language, 21 22. 1; astro-
nomy, 25 566. ; eclipse cycle, 41;
μαθηματικοί, 350 2. 3
Beans, 102
Biology. See Animals, Plants
Blood, Empedokles, 286, 288; Diogenes of Apollonia, 414
Brain, Alkmaion, 224; Empedokles,
235; Sicilian school of medicine,
288 2. 3
Breath. See Respiration. Breath of the World, 79, 120
Cave, Orphic, 257 2. 1
Chaos, 8, 9 2. 1
Chronos, 10
Cicero, App. § 12; on Thales, 50;
on Anaximander, 64; on Anaxi-
menes, 82; on Parmenides, 220,
221 m.1; on Atomism, 393 71. 2,
394 %. 2
Clement of Alexandria, 19
Comic poets on Pythagoreans, 103 mn. 2
Condensation. See Rarefaction
Conflagration. See ἐκπύρωσις
Continuity, 369,
Copernicus, 349
Corporealism, 15 Sq., 206, 227, 357, 377
Cosmogonies, 8 sqq.
Croesus, 28, 37, 38
Culvasitras, 24
Damasias, 43 71. 2
Damaskios, 9 71. 4, 232
Darkness, 79, 121, 173, 214
Death, MHerakleitos, 171 sqq. ;
Parmenides, 222; Alkmaion, 225 ;
Empedokles, 283
Dekad, 113
Demetrios Phalereus, 290, 408
Demokritos, 2 7.1; date, 381; on
Egyptian mathematics, 24; on
Anaxagoras, 291, 381; primitive
astronomy of, 345, 392; and
Leukippos, 381
Diagonal and Square, 116
Dialectic, 361
Dikaiarchos on Pythagoras, 92, 96 2%. 3, 100
Diogenes of Apollonia, 381, 407 sqq.
Divisibility, 304, 306, 362, 365, 376
Dodecahedron, 341 sqq.
Doric dialect, 325, 327 56.
Earth, a sphere, 26; Thales, 47 sqq. ;
Anaximander, 70, 72; Anaximenes,
80, 81, 83 3.2; Xenophanes, 136 ;
Anaxagoras, 313; Pythagoreans,
344 sqq.; Leukippos, 4or; Dio-
genes of Apollonia, 413
Echekrates, 343
Eclipses, Thales, 40 sqq.; Anaxi-
mander, 67; Anaximenes, 82;
Herakleitos, 164; Alkmaion, 224 ;
Empedokles, 276; Anaxagoras,
299; Pythagoreans, 349 sq.;
Leukippos, 401
Ecliptic. See Obliquity
Effluences. See ἀπορροαί
Egypt, 39; Thales in Egypt, 43; Pythagoras and Egypt, 94 sq.-
Egyptian arithmetic, 22 sq.; geo- metry, 23 sq., 44 56.
Ekphantos, 338 2. 1, 387 2. 2
Elea, era of, 125 22. 4, 127, 192
Eleatics (see Parmenides, Zeno,
Melissos), 35 . 2; Leukippos and,
382 sqq.
Elements (see στοιχεῖα, Roots, Seeds,
ἰδέα, εἶδος, μορφή), 56 ”. τ, 57,
59, 235, 263 564., 265 %. 3, 339
564.
Eleusinia, 86
Embryology, Parmenides, 203 2. I; Empedokles, 282
Empedokles, 227 566. ; relation to
Leukippos, 236, 383, 392; on
Xenophanes, 138, 246 ”.2; on
Pythagoras, 232, 259 2.1; on
Parmenides, 239, 261
Ephesos, 143 sqq.
Epicurus and Leukippos, 380 sq., 388 2. 1, 301 2. I, 394 Sq.
Epimenides, 9, 87
Equinoxes, precession of, 25, 347 m. 2
Eratosthenes, App. § 21, 228 7. 2
Eros, 9, 219
Euclid, 116, 117
Eudemos on Thales, 44 sq.; on
Index | 429
Pythagoras, I15 22. 3, 116 7. 2;
on Parmenides, 203 ”. 2; on Zeno,
363, 366 m. 2; on the term
στοιχεῖον, 263 7. I
Eudoxos, 118, 216, 342
Eukleides of Megara, 355
Euripides (fr. inc. 910), 12 %. 1, 14 2.2; and Anaxagoras, 295 sq.
Eurytos, 110 sq., 320, 322
Eusebios, 19
Euthymenes, 44
Even and Odd, 333 sqq.
Evolution, Anaximander, 73 sq. ; Empedokles, 281; Anaxagoras, 315
Examyes, 40
_ Experiment, 31 sq., 274
Figures, numerical, 110 sq., 337 Fire, 121, 160 sq., 215
Fire, central, 218, 344 sqq.
Forgeries, 46, 113 7. 1, ans
Fossils, 136
Galen, 234
Galeus levis, 74 2.1
Geocentric hypothesis, 31, 123, 218
Geometry, Egyptian, 23 sq.; of
Thales, 45 sq.; of Pythagoras, 115 sq.
Glaukos of Rhegion, 228 z. 3
Gnomon (the instrument), 31 7., 53
Gnomon (in geometry and arith- metic), 114 7. 1
Gods, Thales, 50; Anaximander, 64,
74; Anaximenes, 82; Xenophanes,
140 sq.; Herakleitos, 188 sq. ;
Empedokles, 264, 272, 288 sq. ;
Diogenes of Apollonia, 410 2. 1
Gorgias, 229 7”, 1, 231, 234, 256 m. 1, 287 2.5, 417
Great Year, 25, 175
Harmonics, 118
‘*Harmony of the Spheres,”’ 122, 351. See ἁρμονία and Soul
Harpedonapts, 24, 116
Hearing, Empedokles, 285; Anaxa- goras, 317
Heart, 235, 288 2. 3
Heavenly bodies, Anaximander, 66
5646. ; Anaximenes, 80, 81; Pytha-
goras, 122 56. ; Xenophanes, 133
sqq.; Herakleitos, 165 sqq. ;
Parmenides, 215; Empedokles, 274
sq.; Anaxagoras, 312; Leukippos,
401; Diogenes of Apollonia, 413
Hekataios, 20, 44, 46, 53
Heliocentric hypothesis, 27, 347 ”. 3, 348 sq.
Herakleides of Pontos, on Pythagoras,
104, 105, 108, 321 2. 2, 387
nm. 2; on Empedokles, 228 z. 2, 3,
233 7. 3, 236 2. 5; heliocentric
hypothesis of, 349
Herakleiteans, 35 7. 1, 140, 417
Herakleitos, 143 sqq.; on Homer,
182, 185; on Pythagoras, 94, 107, 143; on Xenophanes, 143
Hermodoros, 143
Herodotos, on Homer and Hesiod,
8; on Egyptian influence, 17;
on geometry, 23; on Orphicism,
95 ”. 1; on Solon, 28; on Lydian
influence, 38; on Thales, 38, 39,
40, 43 sq., 46; on Pythagoras,
93, 94 %. I, 95 %. 1, 2, 107
Hesiod, 6 sqq.
Hieron, 125
Hippasos, 103 ”. I, 117, 121, 156, 215, 341, 343, 354
Hippokrates, 235 2. 3, 405 3. 2,
411 2. 3; Περὶ ἀέρων ὑδάτων
τόπων, 79 2. I
[Hippokrates] Περὶ διαίτης, 167 7. 2,
183 2. I, 305 ”.6, 307 5.1, 405
nm. ἃ
Hippokrates, lunules of, 343
Hippolytos, App. § 13, 156
Hippon of Samos, 49, 58 ”. 2, 406
546.
Hippys of Rhegion, 121 31. 5
Homer, 5 566.
Hylozoism, 15
Hypotenuse, 116
Iamblichos, V. Pyth., 92 π. 2
Ibykos, 220 31. 3
Idaios of Himera, 58 7. 2, 407
Ideas, theory of, 354 sqq.
Immortality, ΟἹ, 172 Sq., 225
Incommensurability, 116 sq.
Indian philosophy, 21. See Trans- migration
Infinity, Anaximander, 59 566.;
Xenophanes, 137 54. ; Parmenides,
207; Melissos, 375. See Divisi-
bility, ἄπειρον -
Injustice, 56, 71, 160, 226
Tonic dialect, 327 sq., 408
Justice, 32, 161 πὶ
Kebes and Simmias, 320, 343. 354.
Kebes, Πίναξ, 194
Kratinos, 406
Kratylos, 417
Kritias, 288 2. 3
i ii
430 Early Greek Philosophy
Kroton, 95 2. 4, 222 Kylon, 97 2. 2, 98
Lampsakos, 297, 415
Leukippos, 380 sqq.; and _ the
Eleatics, 382, 384 sqq.; and
Empedokles, 236, 383, 392; and
Anaxagoras, 383 sq., 392; and
the Pythagoreans, 387, 389, 392;
and Demokritos, 381, 389 sqq.,
401 2.5
Light, Empedokles, 276. See Moon
Lightning and Thunder, 68, 70, 401 2. 5
Limit, 121, 215, 333 566.
Lives, the three, 108, 109 ”. 1, 154
Love. See Eros, Love and Strife, 266 sqq.
Lucretius, on Empedokles, 237; on Anaxagoras, 306 7. I
Lydia, 37 sqq.
Lysis, 99, 319, 326
Man, Anaximander, 73; Herakleitos, 168 sqq.
Maoris, 9
Map, Anaximander’s, 53
Materialism, 208
Matter. See ὕλῃ
Measures, 167 sq., 181, 410, 413
Medicine, history of, 222, 225, 226,
234, 236, 265 sq., 288 2. 3, 322,
344, 405, 411, 414
Megarians, 355
Melissos, 369 sqq.
Melissos, Xenophanes and Gorgias, 138 sqq.
Menon, ᾿Ιατρικά, 49 2. I, 235 2. 2,
322 2. 2, 327 2. 5, 340 2.1, 406
Σ, 1
Metapontion, 95 #. 5, 97 3. 3
Metempsychosis. See Transmigration
Meteorological interest, 49, 70
Miletos, 37 sqq., 76, 380, 382
Milky Way, 69, 220, 314
Milo, 99, 222
Mochos of Sidon, 19 2. 3
Monism, 206, 227
Monotheism, 141 sqq.
Moon, 68; light of, 202 7.1, 275, 276, 299, 314
Motion, eternal, 15, 61; denied by
Parmenides, 207; explained by
Empedokles, 267; Anaxagoras,
309; criticised by Zeno, 366;
denied by Melissos, 376; re-
affirmed by Leukippos, 392 sq.