Exhortation to the Muslims to march forth to battle. Allusions to the escape of Mohammed and Abu Bekr from Mecca and their concealment in a cave. Rebuke to those who seek to be excused from fighting,
1 See Introduction, p, xxxiv.
OF THE QuR’AN. Ixxxix
and to those who sought to excite sedition in the Muslim ranks. Reproof to the hypocrites and half-hearted and to those who found fault with the prophet for his use of the alms (zakat). Proper destination of the alms. Hypocrites and renegades denounced : they are warned by the example of the people of old, who rejected the prophets. Rewards promised to the true believers. Continued denunciation of the hypocrites and of those who held back from the fight. Mohammed is not to pray at the grave of any one of them who dies: their seeming prosperity is not to deceive him. Happiness in store for the Apostle, the believers, and the Muhagerin. Those who may lawfully be excused military service. The desert Arabs are among the worst of the ‘hypocrites ;’ though some believe. Some people of Medinah also denounced as hypocrites: others have sinned, but confessed: others wait for God’s pleasure. Denunciation of some who had set up a mosque from motives of political opposition. Mohammed is not to sanction this mosque, but rather to use that of Quba’, founded by him while on his way from Mecca to Medinah during the Flight. God has bought the persons and wealth of the believers at the price of Paradise. The prophet and the believers must not ask forgiveness for the idolaters however near of kin. Abraham only asked pardon for his idolatrous father in fulfilment of a.promise. The three Ansars who refused to accompany Mohammed to Tabfk are forgiven. The people of Medinah and the neighbouring Arabs blamed for holding back on the occasion. All sacrifices for the sake of the religion are counted to them. Exhortation to fight rigorously against the infidels. Reproof to those who receive the revelation suspiciously. God will stand by His Apostle.
X. Tue Cuaprer or Jonan. (Mecca.)
No wonder that the Qur’an was revealed to a mere man. Misbelievers deem him a sorcerer. God the creator and ruler: no one can intercede with Him except by His permission. Creation is a sign of His power. Reward hereafter for the believers. Man calls on God in distress, but forgets Him when deliverance comes. Warning from the fall of former generations. The infidels are not satisfied with the Qur'an: Mohammed dare not invent a false revelation. False gods can neither harm nor profit them. People require a sign. God saves people in dangers by land and sea. This life is like grass. Promise of Paradise and threat of Hell.
XC ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS
False gods can neither harm nor profit them. People require a sign. God saves people in dangers by land and sea. This life is like grass. Promise of Paradise and threat of Hell.
XC ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS
Fate of the idolaters and false gods at the last day. God the Lord of all. Other religions are mere conjecture. The Qur’an could only have been devised by God. The Meccans are challenged to produce a single sftrah like it. Unbelievers warned of the last day by the fate of previous nations. Reproval of those who prohibit lawful things. God is ever watchful over the prophet’s actions. Happiness of the believers: the infidels cannot harm the prophet. Refutation of those who ascribe offspring to God. . Mohammed encouraged by the story of Noah and the other prophets of old. Fate of Pharaoh and vindication of Moses and Aaron. The People of the Book (Jews and Christians) appealed to in confirmation of the truth of the Qur’an. The story of Jonas. The people of Nineveh saved, by repenting and believing in time. The people are exhorted to embrace Isl4m, the faith of the ‘Hanif. God alone is powerful. Belief-or unbelief affect only the individual himself. Resignation and patience inculcated.
XI. Tue Cuaprer or Hip. (Mecca.)
The Qur'an a book calling men to believe in the unity of God: nothing is hidden from Him: He is the creator of all. Men will not believe, and deem themselves secure because their punishment is deferred. They demand a sign, or say the Qur’4n is invented by the prophet; but they and their false gods together cannot bring ten such sfirahs. Misbelievers threatened -with future punishment, while believers are promised Paradise. Noah was likewise sent, but his people objected that he ‘was a mere mortal like themselves and only followed by the meaner sort of men. He also is accused of having invented his revelation: he is saved in the ark and the unbelievers drowned: he endeavours to save his son. The ark settles on Mount Gfdi. ‘Hd was sent to ‘Ad: his people plotted against him and -were destroyed, while he was saved. ZAlith was sent to Thamfid: the she-camel given for a sign. The people hamstring her and perish. Abraham entertains the angels who are sent to the people of Lot: he pleads for them. Lot offers his daughters to the people of Sodom, to spare the angels: he escapes by night, and Sodom is destroyed. Sho’haib is sent to Midian; and-his people, rejecting his mission, perish too. Moses sent to Pharaoh, who shall be punished at the resurrection. The Meccans too shall be punished: they are threatened with the judgment day, when they shall be sent to hell, while the believers
OF THE QUR'AN. xci
are in Paradise. The Meccans are bidden to take warning by the fate of the cities whose stories are related above. These stories are intended to strengthen the prophet’s heart: he is bidden to wait and leave the issue to God.
XII. Tue Cuarrer or Joserx. (Mecca.)
xci are in Paradise. The Meccans are bidden to take warning by the fate of the cities whose stories are related above. These stories are intended to strengthen the prophet’s heart: he is bidden to wait and leave the issue to God.
XII. Tue Cuarrer or Joserx. (Mecca.)
The Qur’n revealed in Arabic that the Meccans may understand: it contains the best of stories. Story of Joseph: he tells his father his dream: Jacob advises him to keep it to himself. Jealousy of Joseph’s brethren: they conspire to throw him in a pit: induce his father to let him -go with them: they cast. him in the pit, and bring home his shirt covered with ‘lying blood.’ Travellers discover him and sell him into Egypt : he is adopted by his master: his mistress endeavours to seduce him: his innocence proved. His mistress shows him to the women of the city to excuse her conduct: their amazement at his beauty. He is imprisoned: interprets the dreams of the baker and the cupbearer. Pharaoh’s dream: Joseph is sent for to expound it. He is appointed to a situation of trust in the land. His brethren arrive and do not recognise him: they ask for corn and he requires them to bring their youngest brother as the condition of his giving it to them. The goods they had brought to barter are returned to their sacks. Benjamins sent back. Joseph ‘discovers himself to him. Joseph places ‘the ‘king’s drinking cup in his brother’s pack: accuses them all of the theft: takes Benjamin as a bondsman for the theft. They return to Jacob, who in great grief sends them back again to bring him news. Joseph discovers himself to them, and sends back his shirt: Jacob recognises it by the smell. Jacob goes back with them to Egypt. This story appealed to as a proof of the truth of the revelation.
XIII. Tue Cuarrer or THunper. (Mecca.)
The Qur’n a revelation from the Lord, the creator and governor of all. Misbelievers are threatened: God knows all, and the recording angels are ever present. Lightning and thunder celebrate God’s praises. All in heaven and earth acknowledge Him. God sends rain and causes the torrents to flow: the scum thereof is like the dross on smelted ore. The righteous and the believers are promised Paradise ; and the misbelievers are threatened with hell-fire. Exhortation to believe in the Merciful. Were the xcli ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS
God sends rain and causes the torrents to flow: the scum thereof is like the dross on smelted ore. The righteous and the believers are promised Paradise ; and the misbelievers are threatened with hell-fire. Exhortation to believe in the Merciful. Were the xcli ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS
Qur’4n to convulse nature they would not believe. Further threats against misbelievers. God notes the deeds of every soul. Stratagem unavailing against Him. Paradise and Hell. Mohammed bidden to persevere in asserting the unity of God. Had he not followed the Qur’4n God would have forsaken him. Other apostles have had wives and children: none could bring a sign without God's permission: for every period there is a revelation. God can annul or confirm any part of his revelation which He pleases: he has the ‘Mother of the Book’ (i.e. the Eternal Original). Whether Mohammed live to see his predictions fulfilled or not, God only knows: his duty is only to preach the message. The conquests of Islém pointed to. God will support the prophet against misbelievers.
XIV. Tue Cuaprer or ABRAHAM. (Mecca.)
The Qur'an revealed to bring men from darkness into light. God is Lord of all. No apostle sent except with the language of his own people. Moses sent to Pharaoh. The people of Noah, ‘Ad, and Thamfid objected that their prophets were mortals like themselves. The prophets relied on God who vindicated them. Frightful description of hell. Misbelievers are like ashes blown away by a stormy wind. Helplessness of the damned: Satan will desert them. But believers are in Paradise. A good word is like a good tree whose root is in the earth and whose branches are in the sky, and which gives fruit in all seasons. A. bad word is as a tree that is felled. God’s word is sure. Idolaters are threatened with hell-fire. God is the creator of all: He subjects all things to man’s use. Abraham prayed ‘that the territory of Mecca might be a sanctuary. The unjust are only respited till the judgment day. The ruins of the dwellings of those who have perished for denying the mission of their apostles are a proof of the truth of Mohammed’s mission. The Lord will take vengeance at the last day, when sinners shall burn in hell with.shirts of pitch to cover them. The Qur'an is a warning and an admonition.
XV. Tue Cuarrer or Ex ‘Hacer. (Mecca.)
Misbelievers will one day regret their. misbelief. No city was ever destroyed without warning. The infidels mockingly ask Mohammed to bring down angels to punish them. So did the sinners of old act towards their apostles. There are signs enough
OF THE QUR'AN. XCill
(Mecca.)
Misbelievers will one day regret their. misbelief. No city was ever destroyed without warning. The infidels mockingly ask Mohammed to bring down angels to punish them. So did the sinners of old act towards their apostles. There are signs enough
OF THE QUR'AN. XCill
in the zodiac, guarded as they are from the devils who are pelted with shooting-stars if they attempt to listen. All nature is under God’s control. Man created from clay, and the ginn from smokeless fire. The angels bidden to adore Adam. Iblis refuses ; is cursed and expelled; but respited until the day of judgment. Is allowed to seduce mankind. Hell, with its seven doors, promised to misbelievers, and Paradise to believers. Story of Abraham’s angelic guests: they announce to him the birth of a son: they proceed to Lot’s family. The crime and punishment of the people of Sodom. The ruined cities still remain to tell the tale. Similar fate of the people of the Grove and of El‘Hagr. The Hour draws nigh. The Lord the Omniscient Creator has sent the Qur’an and the ‘seven verses of repetition’ (the Opening Chapter). Mohammed is not to grieve at the worldly success of unbelievers. Those who ‘dismember the Qur’dn’’ are threatened with punishment. Mohammed is encouraged against the misbelievers.
XVI. Tue Cuapter or THE Bez. (Mecca.)
God’s decree will come to pass. He sends the angels to instruct his servants to give warning that there is no other God. The creation and ordering of all natural objects are signs of His power. The false gods are inanimate and powerless. God is but one. The unbelievers who call the revelation old folks’ tales must bear the burden of their own sins. On the resurrection day their ‘associates’ will disown them. Reception by the angels of the wicked and the good in Hell and in Paradise. The infidels strenuously deny the resurrection. The Muhagerin are promised a good reward. The Jews and Christians to be asked to confirm the Qur’4n. All nature adores God. Unity of God affirmed. When in distress men turn to God, but forget Him and become idolaters when deliverance comes. The practice of setting aside part of their produce for the idols reproved. The practice of female infanticide, while they ascribe daughters to God, is reproved, and disbelief in the future life also rebuked. Satan is the patron of the infidels. The Qur’én sent down as a guidance and mercy. The rain which quickens the dead earth, and the cattle which give milk, and the vines which give fruit and wine are signs. The bee is inspired from the Lord to build hives and to use those made first by men. Its honey is lawful. The rich Arabs are reproved for
1 Here used for the Scriptures generally.
XCiV ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS
The bee is inspired from the Lord to build hives and to use those made first by men. Its honey is lawful. The rich Arabs are reproved for
1 Here used for the Scriptures generally.
XCiV ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS
their treatment of their slaves. Helplessness of the false gods illustrated by the parable of the slave and of the dumb man. Goodness of God in providing food.and shelter for men. Idolaters shall be disowned by the false gods at the resurrection. Every nation shall have a witness against it.on that day. Justice and good faith inculcated, especially the duty of keeping to a treaty once made. Satan has no power over believers. Verses of the Qur’4n abrogated: the Holy Spirit (Gabriel) is the instrument of the revelation. Suggestion that Mohammed is helped by some mortal to compose the Qur’4n:. this cannot. be, as the person hinted at speaks a foreign: language and the Qur'an is in Arabic. Denunciation of misbelievers. Warning of the fate Mecca is to expect if its inhabitants continue to disbelieve. Unlawful foods. God will forgive wrong done through ignorance. Abraham was a ‘Hanif. The ordinance of the Sabbath. Mohammed is to dispute with his opponents kindly. The believers are not to take too savage revenge. They are exhorted to patience and trust in God.
XVII. Tue Cuaprer or THE Nicgut Journgy. (Mecca.)
Allusion to the ‘Night Journey’ from the Sacred Mosque (at Mecca) to the Remote Mosque (at Jerusalem). Moses received the Book. Noah was a faithful servant. Israel’s two sins and their punishment. The Qur’an a guide and glad tidings. Man prays for evil and is hasty. Night and day are two signs. Every man’s augury is round his neck. Each one shall have a book on the resurrection day with an account of his deeds. Each is to bear the burden of his own sins. No city is destroyed till warned by an apostle. Choice of good in this world or the next. Mohammed is not to associate others with God. Kindness to parents enjoined. Moderation to be practised. Infanticide and fornication are sins. Homicide is to be avenged except for just cause. Honesty and humility inculcated. The angels are not the daughters of God. If there were other gods they would rebel against God: all in the heavens praise Him. Unbelievers cannot understand the Qur'an. The unity of God unacceptable to the Meccans. The resurrection. Idolaters not to be provoked. Some prophets preferred over others. False. gods themselves have recourse to God. All cities to be destroyed before the judgment day. Had Mohammed been sent with signs, the Meccans would have disbelieved them like Tham@d. The Vision (of the Night Journey) and the
OF THE QUR'AN. XCV
Some prophets preferred over others. False. gods themselves have recourse to God. All cities to be destroyed before the judgment day. Had Mohammed been sent with signs, the Meccans would have disbelieved them like Tham@d. The Vision (of the Night Journey) and the
OF THE QUR'AN. XCV
Zaqqtim Tree of Hell are causes of contention. Iblis’ disobedience and fall: he is given permission to delude men. Safety by land and sea a special mercy from God. All shall have justice at the last day. The Tuaqjif tribe at Z@if nearly seduced Mohammed into promulgating an unauthorised sentence. Injunction to pray. Man is ungrateful. Departure of the Spirit. Mankind and ginns together could not produce the like of the Qur’én. Signs demanded of Mohammed: he is only a mortal. Fate of those who disbelieve in the resurrection. Moses brought nine signs, but Pharaoh disbelieved in them: his fate: the children of Israel succeeded him in his possessions. The Qur'dn was revealed as occasion required: those who believe the Scriptures recegnise.it. God and the Merciful One are not two gods, for God has no partner.
XVIIE Tue Cuarrer oF THE Cave. (Mecca.)
The Qur’4n is a warning especially to those who say God has begotten a son. Mohammed is not to grieve if they refuse to believe. Story of the Fellows of the Cave. ‘Fheir number known only to God. Mohammed rebuked for promising a revelation on the subject. He is enjoined to obey God in all things, and not to be induced to give up his poorer followers. Hell-fire threatened for the unbeliever and Paradise promised to the good. Parable of the proud man’s garden which was destroyed while that of the humble man flourished. This life is like the herb that springs up and perishes. Good works are more lasting than. wealth and children. The last day. Iblis refuses to. adore Adam: the men are not to take him for a patron. They shall be forsaken by their patrons at the last day. Men would believe but that the example of those of yore must be repeated. Misbelievers are unjust and shall not be allowed to understand, or be guided. But God is merciful. Story of Moses and his servant in search of El ‘Hidhr: they lose their fish at the confluence of the two seas: they meet a strange prophet, who bids Moses not question anything: he may do: he scuttles a ship, kills a boy, and builds up a tottering wall: Moses desires an explanation, which the stranger gives and leaves him. Story of Dau ’1 Qarndin: he travels to the ocean of the setting sun: builds a rampart to keep in Gog and Magog: these are to be let loose again before the judgment day: reward and punishment on that day. Were the sea ink it would not suffice for the words of the Lord. The prophet is only a mortal.
xevi ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS
XIX. Tue Cuaprer or Mary. (Mecca.)
Were the sea ink it would not suffice for the words of the Lord. The prophet is only a mortal.
xevi ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS
XIX. Tue Cuaprer or Mary. (Mecca.)
Zachariah prays for an heir: he is promised a son, who is to be called John: is struck dumb for three days as a sign. John is born and given the Book, judgment, grace, and purity. Story of Mary: the annunciation: her delivery beneath a palm tree: the infant Jesus in the cradle testifies to her innocence and to his own mission. Warning of the day of judgment. Story of Abraham: he reproves his father, who threatens to stone him: Abraham prays for him: Isaac and Jacob are born to him. Moses communes with God and has Aaron for a help. Ishmael and Idris mentioned as prophets. Their seed when the signs of the Merciful are read fall down adoring. The Meccans, their successors, are promised reward in Paradise if they repent and believe. The angels only descend at the bidding of the Lord. Certainty of the resurrection : punishment of those who have rebelled against the Merciful. Reproof to one who said he should have wealth and children on the judgment day. The false gods shall deny their worshippers then. The devils sent to tempt unbelievers. The gathering of the judgment day. All nature is convulsed at the imputation that the Merciful has begotten a son. This revelation is only to warn mankind by the example of the generations who have passed away.
XX. Tue Cuaprer or Z.H. (Mecca.)
The Qur’4n a reminder from the Merciful, who owns all things and knows all things. There is no god but He. His are the excellent names. Story of Moses: he perceives the fire and is addressed from it by God in the holy valley Zuva: God shows him the miracle of the staff turned to a snake and of the white hand: sends him to Pharaoh: Moses excuses himself because of the impediment in his speech. Aaron is given him as a minister. Moses’ mother throws him in the sea: his sister watches him: he is restored to his mother. Slays an Egyptian and flees to Midian. Moses and Aaron go to Pharaoh and call on him to believe: Pharaoh charges them with being magicians: their contest with the Egyptian magicians, who believe and are threatened with punishment by Pharaoh. Moses leads the children of Israel across the sea by a dry road: Pharaoh and his people are overwhelmed: the covenant on Mount Sinai: the miracle of the manna and quails. Es Samariy makes the calf in Moses’ absence. Moses seizes his
OF THE QUR'AN, “xevii
Moses leads the children of Israel across the sea by a dry road: Pharaoh and his people are overwhelmed: the covenant on Mount Sinai: the miracle of the manna and quails. Es Samariy makes the calf in Moses’ absence. Moses seizes his
OF THE QUR'AN, “xevii
brether angrily by the beard and destroys the calf. Misbelievers threatened with the terrors of the resurrection day: fate of the mountains on that day: all men shall be summoned to judgment : no intercession shall avail except from such as the Merciful permits. The Qur’an is in Arabic that people may fear and remember. Mohammed is not to hasten on its revelation. Adam broke his covenant with God. Angels bidden to adore Adam: Iblfs refuses: tempts Adam: Adam, Eve, and Iblis expelled-from Paradise. Misbelievers shall be gathered together blind on the resurrection day. The Meccans pass by the ruined dwellings of the generations who have been aforetime destroyed for unbelief: but for the Lord’s word being passed they would have perished too. Mohammed is exhorted to bear their insults patiently and to praise God throughout the day. Prayer enjoined. The fate of those of yore a sufficient sign. Let them wait and see the issue.
XXI. Tue Cuaprer or THE Propuets. (Mecca.)
Men mock at the revelation: they say it is a ‘jumble of dreams,’ and that Mohammed is a poet, and they ask for a sign. The praphets of old were but mortal: the people who rejected them perished. Heaven and earth were not created in sport. Truth shall crush falsehood. All things praise God. If there were other gods than He heaven and earth would be corrupted. All former prophets were taught that there is no god but God. The Merciful has not begotten children: the angels are only his servants. The separation of earth from heaven, the creation of living things from water, the steadying of the earth by mountains and placing the sky as a roof over it, and the creation of the night and day and of the sun and moon are signs. No one was ever granted immortality: every soul must taste of death. The unbelievers mock at Mohammed and disbelieve in the Merciful. Man is hasty. The infidels are threatened with punishment in the next world. Those who mocked at the prophets of old perished. No one shall be wronged at the last day. Moses and Aaron received a scripture. Abraham destroys the images which his people worshipped: he tells them that it was the largest idol which did it: he is condemned to be burnt alive; but the fire is miraculously made cool and safe. Abraham, Lot, Isaac, and Jacob all inspired. Lot was brought safely out of a city of wrong-doers. Noah also was saved. David and Solomon give judgment about a field. The mountains and
[6] g
XCVIli ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS
Abraham, Lot, Isaac, and Jacob all inspired. Lot was brought safely out of a city of wrong-doers. Noah also was saved. David and Solomon give judgment about a field. The mountains and
[6] g
XCVIli ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS
birds are made subject to David: he is taught the art of making coats of mail. The wind and the demons are subjected to Solomon. Job was saved. Ishmael, Idris, and Duu ’1 Kifl were patient and entered into the mercy of the Lord. Duxu ’nnfn (Jonah) was saved in the fish’s belly. Zachariah had his prayer granted and a son (John) given him. The Spirit was breathed into the Virgin Mary. But their followers have divided into sects. A city once destroyed for unbelief shall. not be restored till Gog and Magog are let loose. The promise draws nigh. Idolaters shall be the pebbles of hell. But the elect shall: be spared the terror of that day; when the heavens shall be rolled up as Es- Sigill rolls up books. As is written in the Psalms, ‘The righteous shall inherit the earth.’ Mohammed sent as a mercy to the worlds.. God is one God: He knows all: He is the Merciful.
XXII. Tue Carrer oF THE Piicrimace. (Mecca.):
Terrors of the last day; yet men dispute about God and follow devils. The conception, birth, growth, and death of men, and the growth of herbs in the ground are proofs of the resurrection. But some dispute, others waver between two-opinions. The most desperate means cannot thwart the divine decrees. God will decide between the Jews, Christians, Sabzeans, Magians, and Idolaters on the judgment day. All nature adores God. The misbelievers are threatened with hell-fire, and the believers promised Paradise. Punishment threatened to those who prohibit men from visiting the Sacred Mosque. Abraham when bidden to cleanse the Kaabah was told to proclaim the pilgrimage. The rules of the ‘Hagg enjoined. Cattle are lawful food. Warning against idolatry and exhortation to become ‘Hanffs. Sacrifices at the Kaabah are enjoined. All men have their appointed rite. The name of God is to be mentioned over cattle when slaughtered. Camels may be sacrificed and eaten. God will defend believers, but loves not misbelieving traitors. Those who have been driven from their homes for acknowledging God’s unity are allowed to fight. If men did not fight for such.a cause, all places of worship would be destroyed. The people of Noah, ‘Ad, Thamfd, Abraham, and Lot called their _ prophets liars and were allowed to range at large, but at last they were punished. Their cities were destroyed and the ruins are visible to travellers still, Mohammed is only sent to warn the Meccans
OF THE QUR'AN. xcix
The people of Noah, ‘Ad, Thamfd, Abraham, and Lot called their _ prophets liars and were allowed to range at large, but at last they were punished. Their cities were destroyed and the ruins are visible to travellers still, Mohammed is only sent to warn the Meccans
OF THE QUR'AN. xcix
of a like fate. Satan contrives to suggest a wrong reading to the prophet while reading the Qur'an". The kingdom shall be God’s upon the judgment day. Those who flee or are slain in the cause shall be provided for and rewarded. Believers who take revenge and are again attacked will be helped. All nature is subject to God. Every nation has its rites to observe. The idolaters treat the revelation with scorn. The false gods could not even create a fly. Exhortation to worship God and fight for the faith of Abraham, whose religion the Muslims profess. God is the sovereign and helper.
XXIII. Tue Cuaprer or Bextevers. (Mecca.)
The humble, chaste, and honest shall prosper. The creation, birth, death, and resurrection of man: God’s goodness in providing for men’s sustenance. Noah sent to his people, who reject him because he is a mere mortal: they are drowned, and he is saved in the ark. Moses and Aaron were also called liars. Mary and her son the cause of their followers’ division into sects. The God-fearing encouraged. The Qurdis rebuked for their pride, and for denying Mohammed, and calling him possessed. They are reminded of the famine and defeat they have already experienced. Doctrine of the resurrection. The unity of God: He has no offspring: is omniscient. Mohammed is encouraged not to care for the false accusations of the Meccans, but to seek refuge in God. Punishment, on the day of resurrection, of those who mocked at the little party of believers.
XXIV. Tue Cuarrer or Licut. (Medtnah.)
(This chapter deals with the accusation of unchastity against Ayesha.)
Punishment of the whore and the whoremonger. Witnesses required in the case of an imputation of unchastity to a wife. Vindication of Ayesha’s character and denunciation of the accusers. Scandalmongers rebuked and threatened with punishment at the last day. Believers are not to enter other persons’ houses without permission or in the absence of the owners. Chastity and modest deportment enjoined particularly upon women. Those by whom women may
1 An allusion to the tradition of Mohammed’s acknowledgment of the goddesses Allat, Al ’Huzz4, and Manat. See Introduction, pp. xxvi and xxvii.
gx 2 c ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS
Chastity and modest deportment enjoined particularly upon women. Those by whom women may
1 An allusion to the tradition of Mohammed’s acknowledgment of the goddesses Allat, Al ’Huzz4, and Manat. See Introduction, pp. xxvi and xxvii.
gx 2 c ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS be seen unveiled. Slaves to be allowed to purchase their freedom. Slave girls not to be compelled to prostitute themselves. God the Light of the Heavens. Nothing keeps the believer from the service of God; but the unbeliever’s works are like the mirage on a plain or like darkness on a deep sea. All nature is subject to God’s control. Reproof to a sect who would not accept the prophet’s arbitration. Actual obedience required rather than an oath that they will be obedient. Belief in the unity of God, steadfastness in prayer, and the giving of alms enjoined. Slaves and children not to be admitted into an apartment without asking permission, when the occupant is likely to be undressed. Rules for the social intercourse of women past child-bearing, and of the blind, lame, or sick. Persons in whose houses it is lawful to eat food. Salutations to be exchanged on entering houses. Behaviour of the Muslims towards the Apostle. He is to be more respectfully addressed than other people.
XXV. Tue Cuaprer or THE Discrumnation. (Mecca.)
The ‘ Discrimination’ sent down as a warning that God is one, the creator and: governor of all; yet the Meccans call it ‘ old folks’ tales:’ they object that the prophet acts and lives as a mere mortal, or is crazy. Hell-fire shall be the punishment of those who disbelieve in the resurrection. Description of the judgment day. The Qur4is object that the Qur’dn was revealed piecemeal. Moses and Aaron and Noah were treated like Mohammed, but those who called them liars were punished: ‘Ad and Thamdd perished for the same sin: the ruins of the cities of the plain are existing examples: yet they will not accept the prophet. God controls the shadow; gives night for a repose; quickens the dead earth with rain. He lets loose the two seas, but places a barrier between them. He has created man, He is the loving and merciful God. The Qurais object to the ‘ Merciful’ as a new God. The lowly and moderate are His servants: they abstain from idolatry, murder, false witness, and frivolous discourse. These shall be rewarded. God cares nothing for the ‘rejection of his message by the infidels: their punishment shall be lasting.
- XXVI. Tue Cuapter or THE Ports. (Mecca.)
Mohammed is not to be vexed by the people’s unbelief. Though called a liar now, his cause shall triumph in the end. Moses sent
OF THE Qur’AN. ci
God cares nothing for the ‘rejection of his message by the infidels: their punishment shall be lasting.
- XXVI. Tue Cuapter or THE Ports. (Mecca.)
Mohammed is not to be vexed by the people’s unbelief. Though called a liar now, his cause shall triumph in the end. Moses sent
OF THE Qur’AN. ci
to Pharaoh: he fears lest he may be killed for slaying the Egyptian. Pharaoh charges him with ingratitude. Their dispute about God. Pharaoh claims godhead himself. The miracles of the rod and the ‘white hand.’ Moses’ contest with the magicians: the magicians are conquered and believe: Pharaoh threatens them with condign punishment. The Israelites leave Egypt and are pursued. The passing of the Red Sea and destruction of Pharaoh and his hosts. The story of Abraham: he preaches against idolatry. Noah is called a liar and vindicated. Hid preaches to the people of ‘Ad, and Zélith to Thamfid: the latter hamstring the she-camel and perish. The crime and punishment of the people of Sodom. The people of the Grove andthe prophet Sho’haib. The Qur’4n revealed through the instrumentality of the Faithful Spirit (Gabriel), in plain Arabic. The learned Jews recognise its truth from the prophecies in their own Scriptures. The devils could not have brought it. Mohammed is to be meek towards believers and to warn his clansmen. Those upon whom the devils do descend, namely, the poets who ‘ wander distraught in every vale.’
XXVIL Tue Cuaprer or tue Ant. (Mecca.)
The Qur'an a guidance to believers. God appears to Moses in the fire: Moses is sent to Pharaoh with signs, but is called a ‘sorcerer. David and Solomon endowed with knowledge. Solomon taught the speech of birds. His army of men, ginns, and birds marches through the valley of the ant: One ant bids the rest retire to their holes lest Solomon and his hosts crush them. Solomon smiles and answers her: He reviews the birds and misses the hoopoe, who, returning, brings news of the magnificence of the queen of Sheba. Solomon sends him back with a letter to the queen. A demon brings him her throne. She comes to Solomon; recognises her throne; marvels at the palace with a glass floor, which she mistakes for water: becomes a “Muslim. Thamfd reject Zalith and perish. Lot is saved, while the people of Sodom are destroyed. The Lord the God of nature; the only God and creator. Certainty of the resurrection. The Tuins of ancient cities an example. The Qur’én decides disputed points for the Jews. Mohammed bidden to trust in God, for he cannot make’ the deaf to hear his message. The beast that shall appear at the resurrection. ‘Terrors of the last day. The prophet bidden to worship ‘ the Lord of this land,’ to recite the Qur’4n, and to become a Muslim.
cil ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS
XXVIII. Tue Cuaprer or THe Story. (Mecca.)
The beast that shall appear at the resurrection. ‘Terrors of the last day. The prophet bidden to worship ‘ the Lord of this land,’ to recite the Qur’4n, and to become a Muslim.
cil ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS
XXVIII. Tue Cuaprer or THe Story. (Mecca.)
The history of Moses and Pharaoh: the latter and his vizier Haman oppress the children of Israel. Moses is exposed on the river by his mother: he is adopted by Pharaoh : his sister watches him, and his mother is engaged to nurse him. He grows up and slays the Egyptian: flees to Midian : helps the two maidens to draw water : serves their father Sho’haib for ten years and then marries his daughter. God appears to him in the fire in the holy valley of Tuva, in Sinai. Is sent with his brother Aaron to Pharaoh. Haman builds Pharaoh a high tower to ascend to the God of Moses. His punishment. Moses gives the law. These stories are proofs of Mohammed’s mission. The Arabs reject the book of Moses and the Qur’4n as two impostures. Those who have the Scriptures recognise the truth of the Qur’4n. The Meccans warned by the example of the cities of old that have perished. Disappointment of the idolaters at the day of judgment. Helplessness of the idols before God. Qarfin’s great wealth: the earth opens and swallows him up for his pride and his insolence to Moses. Mohammed encouraged in his faith and purpose.
XXIX. Tue Cuaprer or THE Sprper. (Mecca.)
Believers must be proved. Kindness to be shown to parents; but they are not to be obeyed if they endeavour to lead their children to idolatry. The hypocrites stand by the Muslims only in success, The unbelievers try to seduce the believers by offering to bear their sins. Noah delivered from the deluge. Abraham preaches against idolatry. Is cast into the fire, but saved: flees from his native land: Isaac and Jacob born to him. Lot and the fate of the inhabitants of Sodom. Midian and their prophet Sho- *haib. ‘Ad and Thamfid. Fate of Qarfin, Pharaoh, and Haman. Similitude of the spider. Mohammed bidden to rehearse the Qur'an. Prayer enjoined. Those who have the Scriptures are to be mildly dealt with in disputation. They believe in the Qur’4n. Mohammed unable to read. Signs are only in the power of God. The idolaters reproved, and threatened with punishment. The believers promised reward. God provides for all. This world is but a sport. God saves men in dangers by sea, yet they are ungrateful. The territory of Mecca inviolable. Exhortation to strive for the faith.
‘OF THE QUR’AN. ‘Citi
XXX. Tue Cuaprer or THE Greeks. (Mecca.)
The believers promised reward. God provides for all. This world is but a sport. God saves men in dangers by sea, yet they are ungrateful. The territory of Mecca inviolable. Exhortation to strive for the faith.
‘OF THE QUR’AN. ‘Citi
XXX. Tue Cuaprer or THE Greeks. (Mecca.)
Victory of the Persians over the Greeks: prophecy of the coming triumph of the latter. The Meccans warned by the fate of former cities. The idols shall forsake them at the resurrection’: the believers shall enter Paradise. God is to be praised in the morning and evening and at noon and sunset. His creation of man and of the universe and His providence are signs. He is the incomparable Lord of all. Warning against idolatry and schism. Honesty inculcated and usury reproved. “God only creates and kills. Corruption in the earth through sin. The fate of former idolaters. Exhortation to believe before the sudden coming of the judgment day. God's sending rain to quicken the earth is a sign of His power. Mohammed cannot make the deaf hear his message. Warning of the last day.
XXXI, Tue Cuaprer-or LogmAy. (Mecca.)
The Quran a guidance to believers. Denunciation of one who purchased Persian legends and preferred them to the Qur'an. God in nature. Other gods can create nothing. Wisdom granted to Loqmfn: his advice to his son. The obstinacy of the infidels rebuked. -If the sea were ink and the trees pens they would not suffice to write the words of the Lord. God manifest in the night and day, in the sun and moon, and in rescuing men from dangers by sea. God only knows the future.
XXXII. Tue Cuaprer or Aporation. (Mecca).
The Quran is truth from the Lord. God the creator and governor. The resurrection. Conduct of true believers when they hear the word : their reward : the punishment of misbelievers : description of hell. The people are exhorted to believe and are admonished by the fate of the ruined cities they see around them: they are warned of the judgment day.
XXXII. Tue Cuaprer or THE Conreperates. (Medinah.) Mohammed is warned against the hypocrites. Wives divorced by the formula ‘thou art henceforth to me like my mother’s back’ are not to be considered as real mothers and as such regarded as unlawful. Neither are adopted sons to be looked upon as real sons. The real ties of kinship and consanguinity are to supersede eiv ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS
Neither are adopted sons to be looked upon as real sons. The real ties of kinship and consanguinity are to supersede eiv ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS the tie of sworn brotherhood’.. God’s covenant with the prophets. Miraculous interference in favour of the Muslims when besieged by the confederate army at Medinah. Conduct of the ‘hypocrites’ on the occasion. Departure of the invaders. Siege and defeat of the Benu Qurdisdah Jews: the men are executed: their women and children are sold into slavery and their property confiscated. Laws for the prophet’s wives: they are to be discreet and avoid ostentation. Encouragement to the good and true believers of either sex. Vindication of Mohammed’s conduct in marrying Zainab the divorced wife of his freedman and adopted son Z4id (who is mentioned by name). No term need be observed in the case of women divorced before cohabitation. Peculiar privileges granted to Mohammed in the matter of women. Limitation of his license to take wives. Muslims are not to enter the prophet’s house without permission: after eating they are to retire without inconveniencing him by familiar discourse : are to be very modest in their demeanour to his wives: are not, to marry any of his wives after him. Those relations who are permitted to see them unveiled. God and His angels bless the prophet. Slander of misbelievers will be punished. The women are to dress modestly. Warning to the hypocrites and disaffected at Medinah. The fate of the - infidels at the last judgment. Man alone of all creation undertook the responsibility of faith.
XXXIV. Tue Cuaprer or Sepa. (Mecca).
The omniscience of God. Those who have received knowledge recognise the revelation, The unbelievers mock at Mohammed for preaching the resurrection. The birds and. mountains sing praises with David: iron softened for him: he makes coats of — mail. The wind subjected to Solomon: a fountain of brass made to flow for him: the ginns compelled to work for him: his death only discovered by means of the worm. that gnawed the staff that supported his corpse. The prosperity of Seb&: bursting of the dyke (el ‘Arim) and ruin of the town. Helplessness of the false gods :. they cannot intercede for their worshippers when assembled at the last day. Fate of the misbelievers on that day: the proud and the weak shall dispute as to which misled the others. The affluence of the Meccans will only increase their ruin. The angels shall disown the worshippers of false gods. The Meccans accuse
1 See Introduction, p. xxxiv.
OF THE QUR'AN: cv
Mohammed of imposture; so did other nations deal with their prophets and were punished for it. Mohammed is cleared of the suspicion of insanity. The wretched’ plight of the misbelievers on the last day.
XXXV. Tue CHapTer oF THE ANGELS, OR, THE CREATOR. (Mecca.)
xxxiv.
OF THE QUR'AN: cv
Mohammed of imposture; so did other nations deal with their prophets and were punished for it. Mohammed is cleared of the suspicion of insanity. The wretched’ plight of the misbelievers on the last day.
XXXV. Tue CHapTer oF THE ANGELS, OR, THE CREATOR. (Mecca.)
Praise of God, who makes the angels his messengers. God’s unity: apostles before Mohammed were accused of imposture. Punishment in store for the unbelievers. Mohammed is not to be vexed on their account. God sends rain to quicken the dead earth: this is a sign of the resurrection. The power of God shown in all nature: the helplessness of the idols. They will disclaim their worshippers at the resurrection. No soul shall bear the burden of another. Mohammed cannot compel people to believe: he is only a warner. Other nations have accused their prophets of imposture, and perished. Reward of the God-fearing, of believers, and of those who read and follow the Qur'an: punishment of hell for the infidels. The idolaters shall be confounded on the judgment day. The Qurdis in spite of their promises and of the examples around them are more arrogant and unbelieving than other people. If God were to punish men as they deserve he would not leave so much as a beast on the earth; but He respites them for a time.
XXXVI. Tue Cuaprer or ¥.S. (Mecca.)
Mohammed is God’s messenger, and the Qur'an is a revelation from God to warn a heedless people. The infidels are predestined not to believe. All men’s works shall be recorded. The apostles of Jesus rejected at Antioch : ‘Habib en Nagg4r exhorts the people to follow their advice: he is stoned to death by the populace: Gabriel cries out and the sinful people are destroyed. Men will laugh at the apostles who come to them; but they have an example in the nations who have perished before them. The quickening of the dead earth is a sign of the resurrection. God’s power shown in the procreation of species. The alternation of night and day, the phases of the moon, the sun and moon in their orbits, are signs of God’s power. So too the preservation of men in ships at sea. Almsgiving enjoined: the unbelievers jeer at the command, The sudden coming of the judgment day. Blessed cvi ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS state of the believers in Paradise, and misery of the unbelievers in hell. Mohammed is no mere poet. The Qur’4n an admonition. God’s providence. The false gods will not be able to help their worshippers. Proofs of the resurrection.
XXXVIL. Tue Cuaprer or THE Rancep. (Mecca.)
Mohammed is no mere poet. The Qur’4n an admonition. God’s providence. The false gods will not be able to help their worshippers. Proofs of the resurrection.
XXXVIL. Tue Cuaprer or THE Rancep. (Mecca.)
Oath by the angels ranged in rank, by those who drive the clouds, and by those who rehearse the Qur’an that God is one alone ! They guard the gates of heaven, and pelt the devils who would listen there with shooting-stars. Do the Meccans imagine themselves stronger than the angels that they mock at God’s signs and deny the resurrection? The false gods and the Meccans shall recriminate each other at the judgment day. They say now, ‘Shall we leave our gods for a mad poet?’ They shall taste hell-fire for their unbelief, while the believers are in Paradise. Description of the delights thereof: the maidens there: the blessed shall see their unbelieving former comrades in hell. Immortality of the blessed. Ez Zaqqfim the accursed tree in hell: horrors of that place. The posterity of Noah were blessed. Abraham mocks at and breaks the idols. He is condemned to be burnt alive, but is delivered : is commanded to offer up his son Ishmael as a sacrifice; obeys, but his son is spared. His posterity is blessed. Moses and Aaron too left a good report behind them; so too did Elias, who protested against the worship of Baal. Lot was saved. Jonas was delivered after having been thrown overboard and swallowed by a fish. The gourd. Jonas is sent to preach to the people of the city (of Nineveh). The Meccans rebuked for saying that God has daughters, and for saying that He is akin to the ginns. The angels declare that they are but the humble servants of God. The success of the prophet and the confusion of the infidels foretold.
XXXVIII. Tue Carter or S. (Mecca.)
Oath by the Qur'an. Example of former generations who perished for unbelief and for saying that their prophets were sorcerers and the Scriptures forgeries: the Meccans are warned thereby. Any hosts of the confederates shall be routed. Fate of the people of Noah, ‘Ad, Pharaoh, Thamfd, and Lot: the Meccans must expect the same. Mohammed exhorted to be patient of what they say: he is reminded of the powers bestowed on David. The parable of the ewe lambs proposed to David by
OF THE QUR’AN. CVi
Fate of the people of Noah, ‘Ad, Pharaoh, Thamfd, and Lot: the Meccans must expect the same. Mohammed exhorted to be patient of what they say: he is reminded of the powers bestowed on David. The parable of the ewe lambs proposed to David by
OF THE QUR’AN. CVi
the two antagonists. David exhorted not to follow lust. The heaven and earth were not created in vain as the misbelievers think : the Qur’4n a reminder. Solomon lost in admiration of his horses neglects his devotions, but repenting slays them. A ginn in Solomon’s likeness is set on his throne to punish him: he repents, and prays God for a kingdom such as no one should ever possess again. The wind and the devils made subject to him. The patience of Job. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob: Elisha and Dau ’l Kifl. Happiness of the righteous in Paradise. Misery and mutual recrimination of the wicked in hell. Mohammed only sent to warn people and proclaim God’s unity. The creation of man and disobedience of Iblis, who is expelled: he is respited till the judgment day that he may seduce people to misbelief. But he and those who follow him shall fill hell.
XXXIX. Tue Cuapter or THE Troops. (Mecca.)
Rebuke to the idolaters who say they serve false gods as a means of access to God himself. The unity of God, the creator and controller of the universe. His independence and omnipotence. Ingratitude of man for God’s help. Difference between the believers and unbelievers. Mohammed is called to sincerity of religion and to Islam: he is to fear the torment at the judgment day if he disobeys the call. Hell-fire is prepared for the infidels. Paradise promised to those who avoid idolatry. The irrigation of the soil and the growth of corn are signs. The Qur’én makes the skins of those who fear God creep. Threat of the judgment day. The Meccans are warned by the fate of their predecessors not to reject the Quran. Parable showing the uncertain position of the idolaters. Mohammed not immortal. Warning to those who lie against God, and promise of reward to those who assert the truth. Mohammed is not to be frightened with the idols of the Meccans. Their helplessness demonstrated. The Qur'an is a guide, but the prophet cannot compel men to follow it. Human souls are taken to God during sleep, and those who are destined to live on are sent back. No intercession allowed with God. The doctrine of the unity of God terrifies the idolaters. Prayer to God to decide between them. The infidels will regret on the resurrection day. Ingratitude of man for God’s help in trouble. The Meccans are warned by the fate of their predecessors. Exhortation to repentance before it is too late. Salvation of the God-fearing. God the eviii ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS creator and controller of everything. Description of the last judgment. All souls driven in troops to heaven or to hell.
XL. Tue CuHapTer oF THE BeELtEverR. (Mecca.)
Exhortation to repentance before it is too late. Salvation of the God-fearing. God the eviii ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS creator and controller of everything. Description of the last judgment. All souls driven in troops to heaven or to hell.
XL. Tue CuHapTer oF THE BeELtEverR. (Mecca.)
Attributes of God. Mohammed encouraged by the fate of other nations who rejected their apostles. The angels’ prayer for the believers. Despair in hell of the idolaters. The terrors of the judgment day. God alone the omniscient judge. The vestiges of former nations are still visible in the land to warn the people. The story of Moses and Pharaoh: the latter wishes to kill Moses; but a secret believer makes a long appeal: Pharaoh bids Ham4n construct a tower to mount up to the God of Moses. God saves the believer, and Pharaoh is ruined by his own devices. Mutual recrimination of the damned. Exhortation to patience and praise. Those who wrangle about God rebuked. The certain coming of the Hour. The unity of God asserted and His attributes enumerated. Idolatry forbidden. The conception, birth, life, and death of man. Idolaters shall find out their error in hell. Mohammed encouraged to wait for the issue. Cattle to ride on and to eat are signs of God’s providence. The example of the nations who perished of old for rejecting the Apostle.
XLI. Tue Cuaprer ‘Derattep.’ (Mecca.)
The Meccans are called on to believe the Qur’4n. The creation of the heavens and the earth. Warning from the fate of ‘Ad and Thamfid. The very skins of the unbelievers shall bear witness against them on the day of judgment. Punishment of those who reject the Qur'an. The angels descend and encourage those who believe. Precept to return good for evil. Refuge to be sought with God against temptation from the devil. Against sun and moon worship. The angels praise God, though the idolaters are too proud to do so. The quickening of the earth with rain is a sign. The Qur’én a confirmation of previous scriptures. If it had been revealed in a foreign tongue the people would have objected that they could not understand it, and that the prophet being an Arab should have had a revelation in his own language. Moses’ scripture was also the subject of dispute. God is omniscient. The false gods will desert their worshippers at the resurrection. Man’s ingratitude for God’s help in trouble. God is sufficient witness of the truth.
OF THE QUR'AN, cix
‘XLII. Tue Cuaprer or Counset. (Mecca.)
Moses’ scripture was also the subject of dispute. God is omniscient. The false gods will desert their worshippers at the resurrection. Man’s ingratitude for God’s help in trouble. God is sufficient witness of the truth.
OF THE QUR'AN, cix
‘XLII. Tue Cuaprer or Counset. (Mecca.)
The Qur’én inspired by-God to warn ‘the Mother of cities’ of the judgment to come. God is one, the creator of all things, who provides for all. He calls men to the same religion as that of the prophets of old, which men have broken up into sects. Mohammed has only to proclaim his message. Those who argue about God shall be confuted. None knows when the ‘Hour shall come but God, The idolaters shall only have their portion in this life. God will vindicate the truth of His revelation. His creation and providence signs of His power. Men’s misfortunes by land and sea are due to their own sins. The provision of the next world is best for the righteous. It is not sinful to retaliate if wronged, though forgiveness is a duty. The sinners shall have none to help them on the day of judgment: they are exhorted to repent before it comes. Ingratitude of man. God controls all. No mortal has ever seen God face to face: He speaks to men only through inspiration or his apostles. This Qur’4n was revealed by a spirit to guide into the right ‘way.
XLITI. Tue Cuarrer or Gitpinc. (Mecca.)
The original of the Qur’4n is with God. The example of the nations of old who mocked at the prophets. God the creator. Men are bidden to praise Him who provides man with ships and cattle whereon to ride. The Arabs are rebuked for attributing female offspring to God, when they themselves repine when a female child is bprn to any one of them. They are also blamed for asserting that the angels are females. The excuse that this was the religion of their fathers will not avail: it is the same as older nations made: their fate. Abraham disclaimed idolatry. The Meccans were permitted to enjoy prosperity only until the Apostle came; and now that he has come they reject him. They are reproved for saying that had the prophet been a man of consideration at Mecca and 74’if they would have owned him. Misbelievers would have had still more wealth and enjoyment, but that men would have then all become infidels. Those who turn from the admonition shall be chained to devils, who shall mislead them. God will take vengeance on them whether Mohammed live to see it or not: he is encouraged to persevere. Moses was mocked by Pharaoh, whom he was sent to warn. But Pharaoh and his people cx ABSTRACT OF THE CONTENTS were drowned. Answer to the Arabs who objected that Jesus too must come under the ban against false gods. But Jesus did not assume to be a god. Threat of the coming of the Hour. The joys of Paradise and the terrors of Hell. The damned shall beg Malik to make an end of them. The recording angels note down the secret plots of the infidels. God has no son: He is the Lord of all. XLIV. Tue Cuapter or Smoxe. (Mecca.)
Threat of the coming of the Hour. The joys of Paradise and the terrors of Hell. The damned shall beg Malik to make an end of them. The recording angels note down the secret plots of the infidels. God has no son: He is the Lord of all. XLIV. Tue Cuapter or Smoxe. (Mecca.)
Night of the revelation of the Qur'an. Unity of God. Threat of the last day, when a smoke shall cover the heavens, and the unbelievers shall be punished for rejecting the prophet and saying he is taught by others or distracted. Fate of Pharaoh for rejecting Moses : fate of the people of Tubba’h. The judgment day: the tree Zaqqfm and the punishment of hell. Paradise and the virgins thereof. The Qur’an revealed in Arabic for an admonition.
XLV. Tue CwapTer or THE Kneetinc. (Mecca.)
God revealed in nature: denunciation of the infidels: trading by sea a sign of God’s providence. The law first given to Israel, then to Mohammed in the Quran. Answer to the infidels who deny the resurrection, and warning of their fate on that day.
XLVI. Tue Cuaprer or Ex A‘uoqdr. (Mecca.)
God the only God and creator. The unbelievers call Mohammed a sorcerer or a forger. The book of Moses was revealed before, and the Qur’4n is a confirmation of it in Arabic. Conception, birth, and life of man. Kindness to parents and acceptance of Islam enjoined. The misbelievers are warned by the example of ‘Ad, who dwelt in Athqf; and by that of the cities whose ruins lie around Mecca. Allusion to the ginns who listened to Mohammed’s preaching at Na‘/leh on his return from 7@if. Warning to unbelievers of the punishment of the last day.
XLVII. Taz Cuaprer or MouHaMMED, ALSO CALLED FicurT. (Medinah.)
Promise of reward to believers. Exhortation to deal severely * with the enemy. Description of Paradise and of Hell. Reproof to some pretended believers and hypocrites who hesitate to obey the command to make war against the unbeliever. Their secret malice shall be revealed. Exhortation to believe, and to obey God and the Apostle, and sacrifice all for the faith.
OF THE QuR’AN. cxi
XLVIII. Tue Cuapter or Victory. (Medtfnah.)
Announcement of a victory’. God comforts the believers and punishes the hypocrites and idolaters. The oath of fealty: the cowardice and excuses of the desert Arabs with regard to the expedition of El ‘Hudaibiyeh. Those left behind wish to share _ the spoils gained at Khaibar, The incapacitated alone are to be excused. The oath of fealty at the Tree*. God prevented a collision between the Meccans and. the Muslims when the latter were prohibited from making the pilgrimage. Prophecy of the pilgrimage to be completed the next year.
XLIX. Tue Cuaprer or THE InneR Cuampers. (Medinah.)