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AristotleClassical Greek philosophy · 384–322 BCEparallels · medium
“Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good; and for this reason the good has rightly been declared to be that at which all things aim.”Read the original · wikisource ↗— Nicomachean Ethics, Book I.1 (1094a), trans. W. D. Ross
EmpedoclesPresocratic Greek · 5th c. BCEprefigures · medium
“I shall tell thee a twofold tale. At one time it grew together to be one only out of many, at another it divided asunder to be many out of one.”Read the original · archive.org ↗— Empedocles, Fragment 17 (DK 31 B17), trans. John Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy
Hegelian–Marxist dialecticModern Western philosophy · 19th c. CEparallels · medium
“The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.”Read the original · gutenberg ↗— Manifesto of the Communist Party, Ch. I (Bourgeois and Proletarians), trans. Samuel Moore (1888)
Jakob BoehmeChristian theosophy · 1575–1624 CEprefigures · asserted
“All whatsoever is spoken, written, or taught of God, without the knowledge of the signature is dumb and void of understanding.”Read the original · archive.org ↗— The Signature of All Things, ch. 1, §1, trans. John Ellistone
ProclusNeoplatonism · 412–485 CEgrounds · medium
Read the original · archive.org ↗Texts of Confucianism, Part II — The Yi King (I Ching) (SBE Vol. 16)Chinese / Confucian–Yijing · core c. 1000 BCE, Ten Wings c. 300 BCE; SBE 1882parallels · medium
“Khien (represents) what is great and originating, penetrating, advantageous, correct and firm.”Read the original · sacred-texts ↗— The Yî King, Hexagram I (Khien) — trans. James Legge, SBE Vol. 16