They told this thing to the Blessed One.
' Let no one, O Bhikkhus, enter upon Vassa in a
hollow tree. He who does, commits a dukka^a
offence/
4. At that time some Bhikkhus entered upon
Vassa on a branch of a tree. People were annoyed,
&c. : ' (These Bhikkhus behave) like huntsmen/
They told this thing to the Blessed One.
* Let no one, O Bhikkhus, enter upon Vassa on a
branch of a tree. He who does, commits a dukka^a
offence/
5. At that time some Bhikkhus entered upon Vassa in the open air. When it began to rain,
1 This must be about the sense of pisa^illika (comp. -ATulla- vagga V, 10, 2; 27, 5), although we are not sure how -illika ought to be explained.
Ill, 12, 9. RESIDENCE DURING THE RAINY SEASON. 319
they ran up to the foot of a tree, or to the hollow of a Nimba tree.
They told this thing to the Blessed One.
' Let no one, O Bhikkhus, enter upon Vassa in the open air. He who does, commits a dukka/a offence/
6. At that time some Bhikkhus entered upon
Vassa without having a place of rest. They
suffered from coldness and heat.
They told this thing to the Blessed One.
* Let no one, O Bhikkhus, enter upon Vassa
without having a place of rest. He who does,
commits a dukka/a offence/
7. At that time some Bhikkhus entered upon
Vassa in a house for keeping dead bodies in.
People were annoyed, &c. : ' (These Bhikkhus are)
like those who burn corpses/
They told this thing to the Blessed One.
' Let no one, O Bhikkhus, enter upon Va s s a in
a house for keeping dead bodies. He who does,
commits a dukka/a offence/
8. At that time some Bhikkhus entered upon
Vassa under a sun-shade. People were annoyed,
&c. : ' Like cowherds/
They told this thing to the Blessed One.
1 Let no one, O Bhikkhus, enter upon Vassa
under a sun-shade. He who does, commits a duk-
ka/a offence/
9. At that time some Bhikkhus entered upon
Vassa under an earthenware vessel. People were
annoyed, &c. : ' Like Titthiyas/
They told this thing to the Blessed One.
' Let no one, O Bhikkhus, enter upon Vassa
under an earthenware vessel. He who does, com-
mits a dukka/a offence/
320 MAHAVAGGA. HI, 13, 1.
1 . At that time the Sawgha at Savatthi had made
an agreement that nobody should receive the pab-
ba/^a ordination during the rainy season. A grand-
son of Visikha Migaramata1 went to the Bhikkhus
and asked them for the pabbaj^a ordination. The
Bhikkhus said to him : ' The Sa^gha, friend, has
made an agreement that nobody shall receive the
pabba^a ordination during the rainy season.
Wait, friend, as long as the Bhikkhus keep Vassa;
when they have concluded the Vassa residence,
they will confer on you the pabba^a ordination/
When those Bhikkhus had concluded the Vassa
residence, they said to the grandson of Visakha Mi-
garamata : ' Come now, friend, you may receive the
pabba^a ordination/ He replied: * If I had re-
ceived the pabba^d ordination before, reverend
Sirs, I should remain (in the religious life), but now,
reverend Sirs, I will not receive the pabba^a
ordination/
2. Visakha Migaramata was annoyed, murmured,
and became angry (saying), ' How can the noble
ones make such an agreement that nobody shall re-
ceive the pabba^-^l ordination during the rainy
season? At what time ought the duties of the
Dhamma not to be performed?'
Some Bhikkhus heard Visakha Migaramata, who was annoyed, murmured, and had become angry.
1 Visakha was the most distinguished among the upasikas, and occupied a place among them similar to that which Anathapiw^ika, with whom she is frequently mentioned together, did among the upasakas. See Dhammapada A/Mak. p. 78, &c.
Ill, 14, 3. RESIDENCE DURING THE RAINY SEASON. 32 I
Those Bhikkhus told the thing to the Blessed One.
* Such an agreement, O Bhikkhus, ought not to
be made — that nobody shall receive the pabba^a
ordination during the rainy season. He who makes (an
agreement like this), commits a dukka^a offence/
1. At that time the venerable Upananda Sakya-
putta had promised to king Pasenadi of Kosala to
take up his Vassa residence (with him) at the earlier
period1. When he was going to the district (where
he had consented to go to), he saw on his way two
districts in which there were plenty of robes, and he
thought: 'What if I were to keep Vassa in these
two districts ; thus shall I obtain many robes/ And
he kept Vassa in those two districts.
King Pasenadi of Kosala was annoyed, murmured,
and became angry (saying), ' How can the noble
Upananda Sakyaputta, after he has promised us to
take up his Vassa residence (with us), break his word ?
Has not falsehood been reproved, and abstinence
from falsehood been praised by the Blessed One in
many ways?'
2. Some Bhikkhus heard king Pasenadi of Kosala,
who was annoyed, &c. The moderate Bhikkhus were
annoyed, murmured, and became angry (saying),
' How can the venerable Upananda Sakyaputta, after
he has promised to king Pasenadi of Kosala, &c. ?
Has not falsehood .... (&c, as in § i)?'
3. Those Bhikkhus told the thing to the Blessed One.
1 See chap. 2, § 2. [13] Y
322 MAHAVAGGA. Ill, 14, 4.
In consequence of that, the Blessed One, after
having ordered the fraternity of Bhikkhus to assem-
ble, asked the venerable Upananda Sakyaputta :
'Is it true, Upananda, that you have broken your
word, having promised to king Pasenadi of Kosala
to take up your Vassa residence (with him)?'
' It is true, Lord?'
Then the blessed Buddha rebuked him : ' How
can you, O foolish one, break your word, having
promised, &c. ? Has not falsehood, O foolish one,
been reproved, and abstinence from falsehood been
praised by me in many ways ? This will not do, O
foolish one, for converting the unconverted, and for
augmenting the number of the converted, but it will
result, O foolish one, in the unconverted being re-
pulsed (from the faith) and many of the converted
being estranged/
Having reproved him and delivered a religious discourse, he thus addressed the Bhikkhus :
4. ' In case, O Bhikkhus, a Bhikkhu has promised
(to a lay-devotee) to take up his Vassa residence
(with him) at the earlier period, and when he goes
to that district, he sees on his way two districts in
which there are plenty of robes, and he thinks:
" What if I were to keep Vassa in these two dis-
tricts ; thus shall I obtain many robes ;" and he keeps
Vassa in those two districts. This Bhikkhu's (enter-
ing upon Vassa), O Bhikkhus, (at the) earlier period
is not valid, and as to his promise he has committed
a dukka/^a offence.
5. ' In case, O Bhikkhus, a Bhikkhu has promised
(to a lay-devotee) to take up his Vassa residence
(with him) at the earlier period, and when going to
that district, he holds Uposatha outside (on the last
Ill, 14, 7. RESIDENCE DURING THE RAINY SEASON. 323
day of the half month), and on the first day (of the
next half month) he goes to the Vihara, prepares
himself a place of rest, gets (water to) drink and food,
sweeps the cell, and goes away that same day with-
out having any business. This Bhikkhu s (entering
upon Vassa) .... (&c, as in § 4, down to) ... .
offence.
' In case, O Bhikkhus, a Bhikkhu has promised
(&c, as in the preceding case, down to :) and goes
away that same day having business. This Bhik-
khu's (entering upon Vassa) .... (&c, as in § 4,
down to) .... offence.
6. * In case, O Bhikkhus, a Bhikkhu has promised,
&c, and having resided there two or three days, he
goes away without having any business, &c. ; he goes
away having business. This Bhikkhu's (entering
upon Vassa) .... (&c, as in § 4, down to) ... . offence.
i In case, O Bhikkhus, a Bhikkhu has promised,
&c, and having resided there two or three days, he
goes away having a business which can be accom-
plished within seven days1; he is absent above those
seven days. This Bhikkhu's (entering upon Vas sa) ....
(&c, as in § 4, down to) .... offence.
' In case, O Bhikkhus, &c, he returns within those
seven days. This Bhikkhus (entering upon Vassa),
O Bhikkhus, (at the) earlier period is valid, and as
to his promise he has committed no offence.
7. * In case, O Bhikkhus, a Bhikkhu has promised,
&c, and goes away seven days before the Pava-
ra/za2 having business. No matter, O Bhikkhus,
whether that Bhikkhu comes back to that district or
1 See chap. 5 seq.
2 I. e. before the concluding ceremony of Vassa ; see IV, 1,13.
324 MAHAVAGGA. Ill, 14, 8.
does not come back, this Bhikkhu's entering, &c, is
valid, and as to his promise he has committed no
offence.
8-10. 'In case, O Bhikkhus, a Bhikkhu has
promised, &c, and having gone to that district, he
holds Uposatha there (on the last day of the half
month), and on the first day (of the next half month)
he goes to the Vihara, &c.x
11. ' In case, O Bhikkhus, a Bhikkhu has promised
(to a lay-devotee) to take up his Vassa residence
(with him) at the later period, and when going to
that district, he holds Uposatha outside, &c.2'
End of the third Khandhaka, which treats of entering upon Vassa.
1 Here follows an exact repetition of all the cases given in §§ 5~7 > tne onty difference is, that in the former cases it was said : ' When going to that district, he holds Uposatha outside/ instead of which it is said now : * Having gone to that district, he holds Uposatha there.'
2 The cases given in §§ 5-10 are repeated here ; instead of 'Earlier period,' it is said here 'Later period;' instead of ' Before the PavaraTza' (§ 7), 'Before the komudi Mtumasini/ The komudi Htumasini is the full moon day in the month Kat- tika, which is frequently called Kaumuda in the Epic literature ; the epithet Mtumasini refers to the Vedic Afaturmasya festival, which falls upon that day (Katyayana, *Srautasutra V, 6, 1). For those who entered upon Vassa at the later period (in the -Srava/za month), the end of Vassa fell on the Komudi day.
IV, I, 3. THE PAVARAiVA CEREMONY. 325
FOURTH KHANDHAKA.
(THE PAVARAiVA CEREMONY AT THE END OF THE RAINY SEASON, VASSA).
i. At that time the blessed Buddha dwelt at
Savatthi, in the £etavana, the garden of Anatha-
pindika. At that time a number of Bhikkhus, com-
panions and friends of each other, entered upon
Vassa in a certain district of the Kosala country.
Now those Bhikkhus thought : ' What shall we do
in order that we may keep Vassa well, in unity, and
in concord, and without quarrel, and that we may
not suffer from want of food ?'
2. Then those Bhikkhus thought: 'If we do not
speak to or converse with each other, if he who
comes back first from the village, from his alms-
pilgrimage, prepares seats, gets water for washing
the feet, a foot-stool, and a towel x, cleans the slop-
basin and gets it ready, and puts there (water to)
drink and food, —
3. ' And if he who comes back last from the village,
from his alms-pilgrimage, eats, if there is any food
left (from the dinner of the other Bhikkhus) and if
he desires to do so ; and if he does not desire (to
eat), throws it away at a place free from grass, or
pours it away into water in wThich no living things
are ; puts away the water for washing the feet, the
foot-stool, and the towel 1 ; cleans the slop-basin and
1 See the note on I, 6, n.
326 MAHAVAGGA. IV, I, 4.
puts it away, puts the water and the food away, and sweeps the dining-room, —
4. ' And if he who sees a water-pot, or a bowl for
food, or a vessel for evacuations, empty and void,
puts it (into its proper place), and if he is not able
to do so single-handed, calls some one else and puts
it away with their united effort * without uttering a
word on that account, — thus shall we keep Vassa
well, in unity, and in concord, and without quarrel,
and not suffer from want of food V
5-7. And those Bhikkhus did not speak to or
converse with each other. He who came back from
the village from his alms-pilgrimage first, prepared
seats (&c, as above, § 4, down to) ... . without utter-
ing a word on that account.
8. Now it is the custom of the Bhikkhus who
have finished their Vassa residence, to go to see
the Blessed One. Thus those Bhikkhus, when they
had finished their Vassa residence, and when the
three months (of Vassa) had elapsed, set their
places of rest in order, took their alms-bowls and
robes, and went on their way to Savatthi. Wandering
from place to place, they came to Savatthi, to the
£etavana,the garden of Anathapi^ika, to the Blessed
One ; having approached the Blessed One and re-
spectfully saluted him, they sat down near him.