* lo the text we find the word "Indriya" which refers to both Jnanendriya (sensory functions) and Karmendriya (motor functions) of the body.
I$4 THE SUSHRUTA SAMHITA. [Chap. IV.
participate at all (in the general expansion of the body). This is a law of nature, and is the opinion of Dhanvantari. .On the other hand the growth of hair and finger nails continue even when the body enters the stage of decay. This also is a law of nature. SS'S^*
The Temperaments :— The temperaments
(Prakriti) of persons may be of seven different types,
according as the deranged Doshas of the body are
involved therein, either severally, or in combination
of two or of all the three together. The temperament
(Prakriti) of a man is determined by the preponder-
ance of the particular Doshas at the time of his genera-
tion (actual combination of the semen and ovum) and
is marked by that preponderant Dosha. The character-
istics of the different Prakritis are now described. 57-58.
Vataja-Temperament :— A man of Vdtika-
temparament is wakeful, averse to bathing and cold contact, unshapely, thievish, vain, dishonest and fond of music ; the soles of his feet, and the palms of his hands are much fissured ; has often a rough and grisly beard and moustache, finger nails and hairs in him ; he is hot-tempered and is given to biting his finger nails and grinding his teeth (when asleep). Morally he is impulsive, unsteady in his friendship, ungrateful, lean, and rough ; his body is marked with a large number of prominent veins (Dhamani) ; he is incoherent in his habit and vacillating in his temper.- He is a fast walker and dreams of scaling the skies in his sleep. His eyes are always moving. His mind is never steady. He makes few friends, is capable of accumulating very little money and talks incoherently. The traits of his characteretc. seem to resemble those of a goat, jackal, hare, mouse, camel, dog, vulture, crow, and of an
ass. 59-60.
Chap. IV.] SARIRA STHANAM. 1 55
Pittvaja-Tcmperamcnt :— A man of
Pittvaja temperament perspires copiously emitting a fetid smell. His limbs are loosely shaped and yellowish in colour. The finger nails, eyes, palate, tongue, lips, soles and palms of such a person are copper-coloured. He looks ugly with wrinkles, baldness and grey hair; he eats much, is averse to warmth and irritable in temper, though he cools down very soon. He is a man of middling strength and lives up to middle age. He is intelligent and possesses a good retentive memory and loves to monopolise the conversation (by pulling down any speaker that may be present). He is vigorous and is simply irresistible in battle. He dreams in his sleep of such things as meteors, lightning-flashes, fire, Ndgeshvara, Palas'a or Karnikara plants. He is never overpowered with fear nor bends before a powerful antagonist ; he protects the suppliant and is very often afflicted with suppuration in the cavity of the mouth. The traits of his character resemble those of a serpent, an owl, a Gandharba (heavenly musician), Yaksha, cat, monkey^ tiger, bear, and of a mongoose. 61-64.
Kaphaja-Tempcrament : —The complexion
of a man of 5 leshmd temperament resembles either the colour of a blade of grass, blue lotus, polished sword, wet Arishta, or that of the stem of the Sara grass. He is comely in appearance, fond of sweet tastes, grateful, self-controlled, forbearing, unselfish and strong ; he does not hastily form any opinion, and is fast in his enmity. His eyes are white ; his hair curly and raven black. He is prosperous in life. His voice resembles the rumblings of a rain-cloud, the roar of a lion, or the sound of a Mridanga. He dreams in his sleep of large lakes or pools decked with myriads of full blown lotus flowers, swans and Chakravdkas. His eyes are slightly
156 THE SOSHRUTA SAMHITA. [Chap IV.
red towards the corners, the limbs are proportionate and
symmetrically developed with a cool effulgence radiating
from them He is possessed of the qualities of the
Sittvika stamp, capable of sustaining pain and fatigue
and respectful towards his superiors He possesses faith
in the Sdstras and is unflinching and unchanging in his
friendship ; he suffers no vicissitudes of fortune, makes
large gifts after long deliberation, is true to his word
and always obedient to his preceptors. The traits of his
character resemble those of Brahma, Rudra, Indra,
Varuna, a lion, horse, an elephant, cow, bull, an eagle,
swan and of the lower animals. 65-68.
A combination of two different temperaments should
be called a double temperament or a Dvandaja one ;
and one of all the three temperaments in a person
should be stated as a Satnnipaitika one. 69.
The temperament of a man is never altered, nor
does it suffer any deterioration or abatement. A
change, abatement or deterioration in any particular
case should be regarded as the harbinger of death.
As a worm, bred in poison, is not troubled with it,
so the temperament of a person however painful to
others does no inconvenience to himself. Several
authorities hold that the temperaments of persons have
their origin in the material elements of the body and
accordingly they classify them as the Va'tika Prakriti,
the Taijasa Prakriti, and the Apya (watery) Prakriti,
the characteristic traits of which respectively correspond
to the first three temperaments described above. 70—71.
A man of the Pairthiva temperament is large in his stature, and is firm, strong and muscular in his limbs. A man of the Nabhasa temperament is pious and long-lived, has large aural cavities. The mental tempera- ments are classified according to their qualities. 72.
Chap. IV.] SARIRA STHANAM. 1 57
Sattvika Features :— The features of a
Brahma-kaiya person are cleanliness of person and con- duct, belief in the existence of God, a constant reader of the Vedas, a worship and reverence of elders and preceptors, hospitality and celebration of religious sacrifices. Those of a Mahendra-ka^ya person are valour, command, constant discussion of the Sastras, main- tenance of servants and dependents and magnanimity. The features of a Karnna-ka^ya person are a liking for exposure to cold, forbearance, a brown hue of the pupils, golden colour of the hair and sweet speech. The features of a Kouvera-kaya person are, arbitration of disputes, capacity of bearing hardships, earning and accumulation of wealth, and capacity of propagation or fertility. The features of a Gandharva-kaya person are love of garlands and perfumes, fondness of songs and music, and love making. The features of a Yamya- Sattva person are sense of duty, promptness, firmness of action, courage, memory, purity, and absence of anger, illusion, fear and malice. The features of a Rishi-Sattva man are divine contemplation, obser- vance of vows, complete sexual abstinence, performance of Homas, celebration of religious sacrifices, knowledge, wisdom and cultivation of divine or spiritual science. These seven types of men should be considered as belonging to the Sattvika group (of Sdttvika mental temperament). Now hear me describe the features of men of Rdjasika stamp (of mind). 73.
R^ijasika Features :— Asura-Sattva men
are affluent in circumstances, dreadful, valorous, irascible,
jealous of other men's excellence, gluttonous and fond
of eating alone without sharing with any one else. A
Sarpa-Sattva man is irritable, laborious, cowardly,
angry, double-dealing, and hasty in eating and sexual
i$S THE SUSHRUTA SAMHITA. [Chap. IV.
intercourse. A ^akuna-Sattva man is gluttonous, intemperate in sexual matters, irritable and fickle. A Ratkshasa-Sattva man is solitary in his habits, fierce, jealous of others excellence, externally pious, extremely vain and ignorant. The characteristics of a Paisaclia- Sattva man are eating food partaken of by another, irri- tability of temper, rashness, shamelessness, and covetous- ness of female possessions. Those of Preta-Sattva man are utter want of knowledge as regards duty, laziness, miserableness, envy, covetousness, niggardliness. These six belong to the Rajasika cast of mind. Now hear me describe the characteristic traits of men of the Tamasika temperaments. 74.
Tamasika Features:— The features of a
Pais'ava-Sattva man are perverseness of intellect, parsi-
moniousness, frequent sexual dreams and incapacity of
ascertaining or discerning anything. The features of
Matsya-Sattva man are unsteadiness, stupidity, cowar-
dice, fond of intermissive quarrel and oppression and a
longing for water. The features of a Vanaspati-Sattva
man are fondness of staying at the same place, constant
eating and absence of truthfulness, piety, riches and
enjoyment. Thus the three types of Tamasika tempera-
ment have been described, A physician should take in
hand a patient with an eye towards these mental traits
etc. A physician should coolly deliberate upon the
different types of temperament described herein and
their characteristic features. 7S'7^-
Thus ends the fourth Chapter of the S'arira Sthdnam in the S'uss'ruta Samhita which treats of foetal development etc.
Now we shall discourse on the Sariram which treats of the anatomy of the human body (SsTrira-
^ankhya-Vyakaranam). i.
Definition of Garbha and ^arira ;—
The combined semen and ovum (Sukra and Sonita) in the womb, mixed with (the eight categories known as) the Prakriti and (her sixteen modifications known as) Vikdra, and ridden in by the Atmat (self-consicous self^, is called the foetus. There is consciousness in the embryo. The Vatyu (or the vital force) divides it into Dosha, Dhdtu, Mala, etc., limbs, and organs, etc. The Teja (or the heat latent in the fecundated matter) gives rise to the metabolism of the tissues ; the Apa (water) keeps it in a liquid state ; the Kshiti (earth) is embodied in the shape of its species ; and the Akas'a (ether) contri- butes to its growth and development. A fully developed foetus with all its parts, such as the hands, feet, tongue, nose, ears, buttocks etc. and the sense-organs, is called Satriram or body. The body is composed of six main parts, namely, the four extremities (upper and lower), the trunk or middle body, and the head. 2.
Different members of the body :— Now
we shall describe the Pratyangas or members of the body. The head, the belly (Epigastrium), the back, the navel (umbilical region), the forehead, the nose, the chin, the bladder, and the throat (neck), occur singly ; the ears, the eyes, the nostrils, the eye-brows, the temples, the shoulders, the cheek, the armpits, the breasts, the testes, the sides, the buttocks, the arms, the thighs, and the knee-joints, etc., occur in pairs. The fingers and
l6o THE SUSHRUTA SAMHITA . [Chap, V.
toes which number twenty in all, and the interior
channels (Srotas) of the body, to be presently described,
are likewise included within the Pratyangas. These
are the different Pratyang'as or members. 3.
Enumeration Of the different limbs and members of the body :— The different
layers of the skin, the Kalas, the Dhatus (root principles, such as blood, chyle, etc.), the Mala (excrements , the Doshas (morbific principles, such as the Vayu, Pittam, or Kapham\ the spleen, the liver, the lungs, the colon and caecum (Unduka), the heart, the cavities or viscera (Asayas), the intestines (Antras), the Vrikkou (Kidneys) the Srotas (internal passages or ducts), the Kandara (nerve trunks), the Jalas (membranes), the Kurchas,* the Rajjus (tendons) the Sevanis (sutures), the Sanghdtas (facets), the Simanta, the bones, the joints, the Snd,yu (ligament), the Pes'i (muscles), the Marmas (vital parts, such as anastomosis of veins and arteries, etc.), the Sira (veins), the Dhamani (arteries), and the Yogavahini Sr5tasf, constitute what is collectively called the organism. 4.
Their number :— The layers fof skin (Tvaka)
number seven in all. There are seven connective tissues
or fascia (Kalds). The cavities or viscera (Asayas) are
seven in all. The root principles (Dhatu) of the body
are seven in number. There are seven hundred S'ird
(veins), five hundred Pes'i (muscles), nine hundred
Snayu (ligaments), three hundred bones, two hundred
and ten Sandhi ^joints), one hundred and seven Marmas
(vital parts), twenty-four Dhamanis (arteries etc.), three
Doshas (morbific principle— such as the V^yu, Pittam,
* Meetings of muscles, ligament?, veins, nerves and bones as at the annular ligament.
t Those, that are in connection with the Dhamani.
Chap, v.] SARIRA STHANAM, i6g^
to the Sushira type. The ligaments of the chest, back, sides and head are of the Prithu type. 34—35.
As a boat made of planks and timber fastened
together by means of a large number of bindings
is enabled to float on the water and to carry cargo ;•
so the human frame being bound and fastened at the
Sandhis or joints by a large number of ligaments.
(Snayu) is enabled to bear pr:^ssure. An injury to,, or
diseases of, the bones, veins, joints or muscles are not so
detrimental to the system as is the case if the Snayus
are affected in any way. Only the physician, who is
acquainted with the internal and external ligaments
(Sndyus) of the body, is qualified to extract a hidden
and imbedded Salyam (extraneous matter etc.) from any
part of the body. 36.
The lYIuSCleS (PcsiS) :— The muscles (Pesis)
number five hundred in all, of which four hundred
are in the four extremities ; Sixty-six* in. the
trunk (Koshtha) and thirty-four in the region above the
clavicles. 37.
