* According to others sixty-seven-^but Dalian does not support this.
102 THE SUSHRUTA SAMHITA. [Chap. XVI.
colour, becoming black, yellow, or ash-coloured (white)
at intervals and are found to be studded with various
sorts of eruptions. 5 — 8.
The Raktaja type :— (Produced by the vitiated condition of the blood) the affected lips look as red as blood and profusely bleed and crops of date coloured (chocolate-coloured) eruptions appear on their surface. In the Maknsaja type (due to the vitiated condition of the local flesh), the lips become heavy, thick and gathered up in the form of a lump of flesh. The angles of the mouth become infested with parasites which germi- nate and spread themselves in the affected parts. In the Medaja(fat-origined) type the lips become numbed, soft, heavy and marked by an itching sensation. The skin of the inflamed surface becomes glossy and looks like the surface layer of clarified butter exuding a thin crystal-like (transparent) watery discharge. In the Abhighaitaja (Traumatic) type, the lips become red, knotty and marked by an itching sensation and seem as if (pierced into or cut open with an axe and (become cracked and fissured). 9 — 12.
Disease of the roots of the teeth ;—
Diseases which are peculiar to the roots of the teeth, are
known as Sitada, Danta-pupputaka, Danta-veshtaka,
Saushira, Mdha-Saushira, Paridara, Upakus'a, Danta-
vaidarbha, Vardhana, Adhimansa and the five sorts -of
Nddi (,sinus). 13.
Sitada (Scurvy); — The gums of the teeth suddenly bleed and become putrified, black, slimy and emit a fetid smell. They become soft and gradually slough off. The disease has its origin in the deranged condition of the local blood and Kapham. Dantapupputaka (gum boil): — The disease in which the roots of two or three teeth at a time is marked by a violent swelling and
Chtip. XVI.] NIDANA STHANAM. 1 03
pain is called Danta-pupputaka. The disease is due to the vitiated condition of the blood and Kapham. Danta-veshtaka: — The teeth become loose in the gums, which exude a discharge of blood and pus. This disease is due to the vitiated blood of the locality. Saushira:— The disease in which an itching painful swelling appears about the gums attended with copious flow of saliva is called Saushira (Alveolar abscess). It is caused by the deranged blood and Kapham of the locality. Maha(- Saushira : — The disease in which the teeth become loose, the palate marked by sinuses or fissures, the gums putri- fied, and the whole cavity of the mouth inflamed, is called Mahas'aushira, the outcome of the concerted action of the deranged Doshas of the body. 14 — 18.
Paricla.ra. : — The disease in which the gums be-
come putrified, wear off and bleed is called Paridara
(bleeding gums\ The disease has its origin in the
deranged condition of the blood, Kapham and Pittam.
Upakusa :~The disease in which the gums become
marked by a burning sensation and suppuration and
the teeth become loose and shaky (in their gums) in
consequence and bleed at the least shaking, is called
Upakusa. There is a slight pain, and the entire cavity
of the mouth becomes swollen and emits a fetid smell ;
this disease is due to the vitiated condition of the
blood and Pittam. 19.
Danta-Vaidarbha :— The disease which is
consequent upon the friction of the gums marked by the
appearance of a violent swelling about the portion (so
rubbed and in which) the teeth beeome loose and can be
moved about, is called Danta-vaidarbha which is due to
an extraneous cause such as a blow etc. Vardhana : —
the disease which is marked by the advent of an
additional tooth (the last molar) through the action
t04 THE SUSHRUTA SAMHITA. [Chap. XVI.
of the deranged Vayu with a specific excruciating pain
of its own, is called Vardhana or eruption of the Wisdom
tooth. The pain subsides with the cutting of the tooth.
Adhimainsa :— The disease in which a violent and
extremely painful tumour appears about the root of the
tooth, and is situated in the farthest end of the cavity of
the cheek-bone accompanied by a copious flow of saliva
"is called Adhimansa or Epulis. It is due to the
deranged Kapham. The five sorts of Na'di (sinus)
which affect the roots of the teeth (are either Vataja,
Pittaja, Kaphaja, Sdnnipataja or Abhighataja), their
symptoms being respectively identical with those of the
types of Nadi-vrana. 20 —24.
Diseases to the teeth proper :— Diseases
which are restricted to the teeth proper are named as,
Ddlana, Krimi-dantaka, Danta-harsha, Bhanjaka, Sarkard,
Kapalika, Syiva-dantaka and Hanu-moksha. 25.
Dalana : — The disease in which the teeth seem as if being cleft asunder with a violent pain is called Deilana or toothache, the origin of which is ascribed to the action of the aggravated state of the bodily Vayu. Krimi-dantaka : — The disease in which the teeth are eaten into by worms, is called Krimi-dantaka (caries\ The teeth become loose and perforated by black holes accompanied by a copious flow of saliva. The appear- ance of an extremely diffused swelling (about the roots of decayed teeth) with a sudden aggravation of the accom- panying pain without any apparent cause is also one of its specific features. Danta-harsha : — The disease in which the teeth cannot bear the heat, cold or touch is called Danta-harsha. It is due to the deranged condi- tion of Vdyu. Bhanjaka : — The disease in which the face is distorted, the teeth break, and the accompanying pain is severe, is called Bhanjaka (degeneration of the
Chap. XV 1 ] NIDANA STHANAM. 10^
teeth). The disease is due to the deranged condition of the Vayu and Kapham. Sarkaiai : — The disease, in which sordes, formed on the teeth and hardened (by the action of the deranged Vayu), lie in a crystallised form at the roots of the teeth, is called Sarkara (Tartar). Such deposits tend to destroy the healthy growth and functions of the teeth. Kapalikai : — The disease in which the preceding crystallised deposits get cemented together and afterwards separate from the teeth taking away a part of their coating (enamel) is called Kapalika (calcareous deposit) which naturally makes an erosion into and destroys the teeth Sya^va-dantaka :— The disease, in which the teeth variously scorched by the action of the deranged Pittam assumes a blackish or blue colour, is named as Syava-dantaka (black teeth). Hanu-moksha : — The disease in which the Vayu aggravated (by such causes, as by loud talking, chewing of hard substances, or immoderate yawning) produces the dislocation of the jawbones is called Hanu-moksha It is identical with Ardditam as regards its symptoms. 26-33.
Diseases of the tongue :— The five kinds
of diseases which affect the organ of taste are the
three sorts of Kantakas due to the three deranged
Doshas (Vataja Pittaja and Kaphaja), AUsa and Upa-jihvika. 34.
The three Kantaks :— In the Vataja Kan-
taka type the tongue becomes cracked, loses the sense of taste and becomes rough like a teak leaf (giving the organ a warty appearance). In the Pittaja Kantaka form the tongue is coloured yellow and studded over with furred blood-coloured papillae with the burning sensation (of the Pittam in them). In the Kaphaja Kantaka type the tongue becomes heavy, thick and grown over with vegetation of slender fleshy warts in the
to6 THE SOSHRUTA SAMHitA. CChap. XVI.
shape o{ S'almali thorns. Alsbsa :- The severe inflam-
matory swelling about the under surface of the tongue
is called Alasa, which if allowed to grow on unchecked
gives rise to numbness and immobility of the organ
and tends to a process of rapid suppuration at its base.
The disease is caused by the deranged blood and
Kapham. The Upa-jihva^ : - The disease in which a
(cystic) swelling shaped like the tip of the tongue
appears about the under-surface of that organ by raising
it a little is called Upa-jihvika (Ranula). The accom-
panying symptoms are salivation, burning and itching
sensations in the affected organ ; these are due to the
deranged Kapham and blood (of the locality). 35 — 37.
Disease of the palate : — Diseases which are
peculiar to the part of the palate are named Gala-s'undika,
Tundikeri, Adhrusha, Mansa-kachchapa, Arvuda, Mansa-
sanghata,, Talu-s'osha and Talu-pdka. 38.
Gala-SUndika :— The diffused and elongated swelling, caused by the deranged blood and Kapham, which first appears about the root of the palate and goes on extending till it looks like an inflated skin- bladder is called Gala-s'undikd (tonsilitis) by physicians. Thirst, cough, difificult breathing are the indications of the disease. Tundikeri : — A thick swelling resembling the fruit of the Tundikeri plant in shape and appearing about the root of the palate attended with a burning, piercing or pricking pain and suppuration is called Tundikeri (abscess of the tonsil). Adhrusha :— A red, numbed svvelling appearing about the same region, as the effect of the vitiated blood of the locality, attended with severe fever and pain, is known by the name of Adhrusha. Mjinsa-kachchapa:— A brownish and slightly painful swelling somewhat shaped like the back of a tortoise (and appearing about the region of the soft
Chap. XVI.] NIDANA STHANAM. lo;
palate) is called Mdnsa-kachchhapa. The disease is,
slow in its growth or development and is due to the
deranged Kapham. Arvuda: — A swelling shaped like
the petal of the lotus lily and appearing in the region
of the soft palate as an outcome of the aggravated con-
dition of the local blood is called Arvudam. The
swelling is identical with the Raktarvuda described
before. Mausa-Saiighata :— A vegetation of morbid
flesh at the edge or extremity of the soft palate
through the action of the derani^ed Kapham is called
Mansa-Sanghata. It is painless. Ta!u-piipputa: — A
painless permanent swelling to the shape o( the Kola
fruit (plum) caused by the deranged fat and Kapham
at the region of the soft palate is called Tdlu-pupputa.
Tatiu-sosha :— The disease of the soft palate in which
the patient feels a sort of parched sensation with
dyspnoea and a severe piercing pain in the affected
part is called T^llu-sosha, which has its origin in the
aggravated condition of the bodily Vayu acting in
concert with the deranged Pittam. Ta^lu-patka — The
disease in which the deranged Pittam sets up a very
severe suppurative process in the soft palate is called
Talu-paka, 39-47.
The diseases of the throat and
larynx : —The diseases peculiar to the throat and the
larynx are seventeen in number and are known as
the five types of Pohini, Kantha-Saluka, Adhijihva,
Valaya, Valasa, Eka-vrinda, Vrinda, Sataghni, Gilayu,
Gala-vidradhi, Galaugha, Svaraghna, Mansatana. and
Viddri. 48.
General features of Rohinis:-The
aggravated Vayu, Pittam, Kapham, either severally or
in combination, or blood may affect the mucous of
the throat and give rise to vegetations of fleshy papillae,
lo8 THE SUSHRUTA SAMHITA. [Chap. XVI.
which gradually obstruct the channel of the throat
and bring on death. The disease is called Rohini
(Diphtheria^i. 49.
The V^taja Rohini :~A vegetation of ex-
tremely painful fleshy Ankuras (nodules), crops up all over
the tongue which tend to obstruct the passage of the
throat and are usually accompanied by other distressing
symptoms characteristic of the deranged Vayu. Pittaja-
Eohini :— The Ankuras (nodules) in the present type are
marked by speedy growth and suppuration, and are
accompanied by a burning sensation and high fever.
Kaphaja Rohini : —The Ankuras (nodules) become
heavy, hard and characterised by slow suppuration
gradually obstructing the passage of the throat. 50-52.
The Sannipatika Type :— Suppuration
takes place in the deeper strata of the membrane ac-
companied by all the dangerous symptoms peculiar to
the three aforesaid types of the disease. It is rarely
amenable to treatment. Rakfcaja Type : -Symptoms
characteristic of the Pittaja type of the disease are
present and the fleshy outgrowth formed in the throat,
is found to be covered with small vesicles. This type
is incurable.* 53~54
Kantha-^alukam : -The disease in which a
hard rough nodular growth (Granthi) in the shape of a
plum-stone crops up in the throat, which seems as if it
has been stuffed with the bristle of a S'uka insect or
been pricked by thorns is called Kantha-Salukam. The
disease is due to the action of the deranged Kapham.
It is amenable to surgical treatment only. Adhijihva : —
A small swelling like the tip of the tongue caused by the
* The reading Sadhya (curable) which is to be met with in the several printed editions of Madhab's Nidanam in lieu of the reading Asadhya 'incurable) is not to our mind correct,
