1 2. ' This (rule) refers to a student who has not returned home. But on one who has returned home it is obligatory to interrupt the Veda-study until he becomes pure. Here he calls the sub- teacher (upadhySya) " father," because he gives the Veda. For (an interruption of) twelve days' duration is prescribed on (the death of) a real father (by the Sutra); " on the death of the mother, the father, and the teacher twelve days." ' — Govinda.
13. Vasish/Aa II, 5. This Sutra is intended to show how the
2IO BAUDHAYANA. I, II, 21.
(resides) above the navel, his offspring is produced
when he initiates Brahmawas, when he teaches them,
when he causes them to offer sacrifices, when he
makes them holy. All these are his children. But
through that which resides below the navel the
children of his body are produced. Therefore they
never say to a .Srotriya who is versed in the Vedas,
' Thou art destitute of offspring.'
14. ' Therefore a Brahma^a has two names, two mouths, two kinds of virile energy, and two births.'
15. (Let him discontinue the recitation of the
Veda) as long as he is within hearing or sight of
•Sftdras and Apapatras.
1 6. When at night the howl of a solitary jackal is heard, he shall not study until he has slept.
1 7. Let him not study in the evening and morn- ing twilights nor on the Parva-days.
1 8. He shall not eat meat nor approach his wife (on those days).
19. It is declared in the Veda, 'For on the
Parva-days the Rakshasas and the Pi-ra/fcas roam
about (in order to injure men).'
20. And on (the appearance of) other omens and
portents (he shall not repeat the Veda), except
mentally, during a day and a night.
TJpSdhysiya can be called a father. Gdvinda states that the pre- cise meaning of anti&lna, ' versed or learned in the Veda,' is ' one who knows the Veda, its meaning, and the Angas.' See also Baudhayana Grrhya-sutra 1, 10, 5.
^15. VasishMa XVIII, ra. Regarding the term Apapatras, see Apastamba I, i, 3, 25 note.
1 6. Apastamba I, 3, 10, 17.
17. Vasish/Aa XIII, 22. The explanation of the term Parva- day is given below, Sfitra 22.
1 8. Vishmi LXIX, i.
n' T» r- PENANCES. 211
21. The mental recitation of the Veda must also
be interrupted on births and deaths (occurring in
the family).
22. Now they quote also (the following verse):
4 The eighth day destroys the teacher, the four-
teenth destroys the pupil, the fifteenth destroys
learning ; therefore let him avoid (studying the Veda)
on the Parva-days/
PRASNA II, ADHYAYA 1, KAYDIKA 1.
1. Now, therefore, the penances (will be de- scribed).
2. The murderer of a learned Brahmawa (shall practise the following vow) during twelve years :
3. Carrying a skull (instead of a disk) and the
foot of a bedstead (instead of a staff), dressed in the
hide of an ass, staying in the forest, making a dead
man's skull his flag, he shall cause a hut to be built
in a burial-ground and reside there ; going to seven
houses in order to beg food, while proclaiming his
deed, he shall support life with what (he gets there),
and shall fast if he obtains nothing ;
4. Or he may offer a horse-sacrifice, a Gosava, or an Agnish/ut ;
22. Vish»u XXX, 29-30. In accordance with the practice usual in Vedic works the best MSS. of the text repeat the begin- ning of each Ka«<fik£ at the end of-the Pr&ma, giving the last first
1. 2-3. Gautama XXII, 4-6; Vishmi L, 1-3, 15. The ex- pression ' staying in the forest' means that the sinner shall not stop in the village or the fields during the day-time, but live in some uncultivated tract in the neighbourhood.
4. Gautama XIX, 9-10. The Gosava sacrifice is an Ekaha; see Kdtyayana .Srauta Sutra XXII, n, 3.
212 BAUDHAYANA. II, i, i.
5. Or he may bathe (with the priests) on the
completion of a horse-sacrifice (offered by somebody
else).
6. Now they quote also (the following verses) : ' He
who unintentionally slays a Brahrnawa becomes sinful
according to the sacred law. The sages declare
that he may be purified (if he did it) unintentionally.
But no expiation is found for a wilful murderer.'
7. 'He who has raised his hand (against a Brah-
ma/za), shall perform a Y^rikkhr-A. penance, an Atikrz/£-
y&^ra penance if he strikes, a Krz&fchra. and a K&n-
drayawa if blood flows. Therefore let him neither
raise his hand nor cause blood to flow.'
8. (For killing) a Kshatriya (he shall keep the normal vow of continence) during nine years,
9. (For killing) a VaLsya during three (years),
10. (For killing) a ^udra during one year,
11. Likewise for killing a woman.
12. (The penance for killing) a woman who has
bathed after temporary uncleanness (is) the same
(as that) for (the murder of) a Brahmawa.
5. Gautama XXII, 9. 6. Manu XI, 90.
7. Ya^wavalkya III, 293. Regarding the penances named, see Vasish/$a XXI, 20, XXIV, 1-2, XXIII, 45, and below, II, i, 2, 38, IV, 5, 6.
8-10. Vasish/^a XX, 31-33. The words 'shall keep the normal vow of continence' have been inserted in accordance with Go- vinda's explanation, which apparently is based on Gautama XXII, 14. But it is also possible that Baudhayana, like Vishmi (L, 15) and others, may have intended murderers of Kshatriyas, Vai-ryas, &c., too, to perform the penance prescribed above, Sutra 4, only for shorter periods.
11. Gautama XXII, 17. Govinda is of opinion that the word £a, 'likewise,' is intended to include 'worthless' Kshatriyas and Vai-yyas.
12. Vasish//5a XX, 34-35.
Ii, I, I. Penances. 213
13. He who has defiled the bed of a Guru shall place himself on a heated iron bed,
14. Or embrace a red hot image (of a woman),
15. Or cutting off his organ together with the
testicles and holding them in his joined hands, he
shall walk towards the south-west until he falls down
(dead).
1 6. A thief shall go to the king with flying hair,
carrying on his shoulder a club of Sindhraka wood
(and say), ' Strike me with that.' (Then the king)
shall strike him.
17. Now they quote also (the following verses) :
4 A thief shall go to the king carrying a club on his
shoulder (and say to him), ' Punish me with that,
O king, remembering the duty of Kshatriyas,'
* Whether he be punished or be pardoned, the
thief is freed from his guilt. But if the king does
not punish him, that guilt of the thief falls on him.'
1 8. If he has drunk (the spirituous liquor called)
Suri, he shall scald himself to death with hot
(liquor of the) same (kind).
19. For unintentionally drinking (Sura), he shall
perform Y^rikkhra. penances during three months and
be initiated again,
20. And (on this second initiation) the cutting (of
13-15. Gautama XXIII, 8-to ; Vasish/^a XX, 13, 14.
1 6. Vasish/4a XX, 41. 'A thief,' i. e. one who has stolen gold from a Brahmawa.
17. Apastamba I, 9, 2$, 4-5.
1 8. Vasish//fra XX, 2 2. Sura, i. e. the spirituous liquor extracted from rice, to drink which is considered a particularly heinous crime. Vasish/tfa XX, 19, and loc. cit
19. VasishMa XX, 19.
20. Vish/m LI, 5. The vows and restrictive rules, i. e. the Savitrya vow, begging, &c.
214 BAUDHAYANA. II, i, I.
the hair and nails), the vows, and (the observance of the) restrictive rules may be omitted.
21. Now they quote also (the following verses):
' A Brahmawa, Kshatriya, or Vai^ya who has un-
intentionally drunk (the spirituous liquor called)
Varu^l or has swallowed urine or faeces must be
initiated a second time.'
22: ' But he who drinks water which has stood
in a vessel, used for keeping Surd, shall live six
days on milk in which (leaves of) the 6ahkhapushpl
plant have been boiled.'
23. If (a pupil) who is employed by his teacher
(on some errand) meets with his death, (the teacher)
shall perform three Y^rikkhra. penances.
24. The same (penance) is prescribed for not finishing (the education of the pupil).
25. If a student assists at the burial of anybody
except (at that of his) mother, of his father, or of
his teacher, he must begin his vow afresh.
26. If a (student) is sick, he may, at his pleasure,
eat all the fragments of his teacher's meal as
medicine.
27. He may physic himself with any (medicine) which he may desire.
21. Vishmi LI, 2-4. 22. Vish/m LI, 23.
231 Vasish/fa XXIII, 10.
24. ' Finishing (the education of the pupil, sawskr/lam), i. e. teaching him the rules of purification, of conduct, and so forth ; failing (to do) that (is called) not finishing (the education of the pupil). For that (omission) the same (penance), i. e. three Krz&Wras (are to be) .performed.' — Govinda.
25. VasishMa XXIII, 7-8. ' Assists at a burial (javakarma), i. e. lays out a corpse, and so forth (ala/»kara«adi), or carries it out, and so forth.'-^-Govinda.
26. Vasish/Aa XXIII, 9, and note.
27. ' The meaning is that he may cure himself even with such
TI> r> r- PENANCES. 215
28. When he is unable to move, he may worship
the sun, after he has risen, reciting this (Ri\a verse) :
4 A swan, dwelling in purity.'
29. When he has spent his manly strength in the
day-time, let him thrice drink water that reaches his
heart, reciting the verses which contain the word
retas.
30. A student who approaches a woman (is called) an Avaklnzin,
31. Let him offer an ass (in the place of) a sacri- ficial animal.
32. The sacrificial meat-cake (purod&ra. shall be
offered) to Nirmi, or to the Rakshasas, or to
Yama.
33. It is declared in the Veda, ' The piece to be
eaten by the sacrificer (pra^itra, shall be taken)
from the organ (of the animal) ; and the (other) por-
tions shall be offered in water.'
34. ' Or he may also heap (fuel) on the fire in the
night of the new moon, perform the preparatory
rites required for the Darvlhoma, and offer two
(substances) which are forbidden even to his teacher, e. g. garlic, and so forth.' For a Smn'ti declares, ' He shall protect himself by every means.' — Govinda.
28. 'Unable to move,' i.e. sick. This is a penance to be per- formed by a sick student when he is unable to fulfil the rules enjoining the morning and evening prayers, and the like.; and it applies to other men also because there is no objection. Regarding the Mantra, see Taittiriya Sa/nhiti I, 8, 15, 2.
29. The rule refers to intercourse with a wife in the day-time ; see Vishmi LIII, 4. The Retasyas occur Taittiriya Ara»yaka I, 30.
30. Vasish/fo XXIII, i.
33. Weber, Ind. Stud. X, 102 ; ^KatySyana .Srauta SQtra . I, i, 15.
34. Taitt. Ara»yaka II, 1 8. The Ara«y aka has, more appropriately, pra»iya, ' having taken out,' before upasamadhaya, ' may heap (fuel) upon.' The Dekhan and Gug^arSt MSS. insert the words ' amr/tam
21 6 BAUDHAYANA. II, r, i.
oblations of clarified butter (reciting these two sacred
texts) : " O Lust, I have broken my vow ; my vow
have I broken, O Lust; to Lust Svaha;" "O Lust,
I have done evil ; evil have I done, O Lust ; to
Lust Svaha.'"
35. ' After he has made the offering, he shall
address the fire, closely joining his hands, turning
sideways (with the following texts) : "May the Maruts
grant me, may Indra, may Brz'haspati, may this fire
grant me long life and strength, may it make me
long-lived ! "
36. Now the relatives shall empty (the water-pot)
of a (grievous offender) at a (solemn) meeting (and
he shall confess), 'I N. N. am (the perpetrator of)
such and such (a deed).' After (the outcast) has
performed (his penance) the Brahma^as shall ask
him who has touched water, milk, clarified butter,
honey, and salt,' Hast thou performed (thy penance)?'
The other (person) shall answer, ' Om ' (yes) ! They
shall admit him who has performed (a penance) to all
sacrificial rites, making no difference (between him
and others).
37. If he unintentionally marries a female who
belongs to his own family (gotra), he shall support
her, (treating her) like his mother.
va a^yam amrnam evatman dhatte,' which occur also in the Ara- wyaka, after the Mantra. According to Govinda pari£esh/a, ' pre- paratory rites/ refers to the consecration of the clarified butter, and so forth. The special rules regarding the Darvlhomas are given Kltyayana .Srauta Sutra VI, 10, 17 seq.
36. VasishMa XV, 12-21. Govinda thinks that nirvueshawz savaniyaw kuryuA, ' they shall admit him to all sacrificial rites, making 110 difference,' may also be interpreted by 'they shall perform for him the sacraments just as for a new-born child.'
37. ColebrookeV, Dig. CCCXL.
PENANCES.
38. If (such a woman) has borne a child, he shall
perform Krikkkr* penances during three months and
offer (two burnt oblations reciting) the two (Mantras),
' That which is the blemish of my soul ' (and) ' Fire
restored my sight.'
39. 'An elder brother whose younger brother
marries first, the younger brother who marries first,
the damsel wedded (by the latter), he who gives her
away, and fifthly he who sacrifices for them (at the
wedding), all sink to a region of torment.'
40. ' The unmarried elder brother and the married
younger brother, the giver (of the maiden) and the
performer of the sacrifices become pure by under-
going a Krt&Mra. penance of twelve days, the female
(who has been wedded to the younger brother) by
(fasting during) three days.'
