5. Vishnu XXVIII, 46. I agree with Kr/shoapaWita in thinking that the apparently purposeless particle 'and,' which is used in
Vii, 14. Studentship. 4!
6. For it has been declared in the Veda, ' The fire is thy teacher.'
7. (A student, whether professed or temporary), shall bridle his tongue ;
8. He shall eat in the fourth, sixth, or eighth hour of the day.
9. He shall go out in order to beg.
10. He shall obey his teacher.
11. He either (may wear all his hair) tied in a
knot or (keep merely) a lock on the crown of his
head tied in a knot, (shaving the other parts of the
head.)
12. If the teacher walks, he shall attend him
walking after him ; if the teacher is seated, standing ;
if the teacher lies down, seated.
13. He shall study after having been called (by
the teacher, and not request the latter to begin the
lesson).
14. Let him announce (to the teacher) all that he
has received (when begging), and eat after permission
(has been given to him).
this Sutra, indicates Vasish/£a's approval of the rules given in other Smr;'tis, according to which the student, on the death of -the teacher, shall serve the teacher's son, a fellow-student, or the teacher's wife, and the service of the sacred fire is the last resource only. See Vishnu XXVIII, 44-45 ; Gautama III, 7-8.
6. These words form part of one of the Mantras which the
teacher recites at the initiation of the student ; see e. g. Sinkhi-
yana Grzhya-sfttra.
7. Gautama II, 13, 22.
8. According to Kr/sh«apa»aSta a Icala, 'hour,' is the eighth part of a day.
9. Vishnu XXVIII, 9. 10, Vislwu XXVIII, 7.
11. Gautama I, 27; Vishmi XXVIII, 41.
12. Vishnu XXVIII, 18-22. 13, Vishmi XXVIII, 6. 14. Vishnu XXVIII, 10; Apastamba I, i, 3, 25.
42 VASISHrffA. VII, 15.
15. Let him avoid to sleep on a cot, to clean
his teeth, to wash (his body for pleasure), to apply
collyrium (to his eyes), to anoint (his body), and to
wear shoes or a parasol.
1 6. (While reciting his prayers) he shall stand in the day-time and sit down at night.
1 7. Let him bathe three times a day.
CHAPTER VIII.
1. (A student who desires to become) a house-
holder shall bathe, free from anger and elation,
with the permission of his teacher, and take for a
wife a young female of his own caste, who does
neither belong to the same Gotra nor has the
same Pravara, who has not had intercourse (with
another man),
2. Who is not related within four degrees on the
mother's side, nor within six degrees on the father's
side.
3. Let him kindle the nuptial fire.
15. Gautama II, 1-3.
1 6. Vish«u XXVIII, 2-3. .The prayers intended are the so- called Sandhyas, which are recited at daybreak and in the evening.
17. Gautama 11,8. 'Three times a day,' i. e. morning, noon, and evening, Krzsh#apa»</ita thinks that he shall perform three ablutions at midday.
VIII. i. Vish/m XXIV, 9; Gautama IV, 1-2. Regarding the
bath at the end of the studentship, see Vishnu XXVIII, 42, and
Professor Jolly's note.
2. Vishmi XXIV, 10; Gautama IV, 2.
3. Vishmi LIX, i, and Professor Jolly's note. The fire intended is the gr/hya ox smarta, the sacred household fire, which according to this Sutra must be kindled on the occasion of the marriage cere- mony, while other Smri'tis permit of its being lighted on the division of the paternal estate.
VIII, to. HOUSEHOLDER. 43
4. Let him not turn away a guest who comes in the evening.
5. (A guest) shall not dwell in his house without receiving food.
6. If a Brahmawa who has come for shelter to
the house of a (householder) receives no food, on
departure he will take with him all the spiritual
merit of that (churlish host).
7. But a Brahma^a who stays for one night only
is called a guest. For (the etymological import of
the word) atithi (a guest) is ' he who stays for a
short while only.'
8. A Brahma»a who lives in the same village
(with his host) and a visitor on business or pleasure
(are) not (called guests. But a guest), whether he
arrives at the moment (of dinner) or at an inop-
portune time, must not stay in the house of a
(householder) without receiving food.
9. (A householder) who has faith, is free from
covetousness, and (possesses wealth) sufficient for
(performing) the Agnyadheya-sacrifice, must become
an Agnihotrin.
10. He (who possesses wealth) sufficient for (the
expenses of) a Soma-sacrifice shall not abstain from
offering it.
4. Vishnu LXVII, 28-29. 8- Vish»u LXVII, 30.
6. Vishmi LXVII, 33.
7. Identical with Vishnu LXVII, 34; Manu III, 102.
8. Vishnu LXVII, 35 ; Manu III, 105.
9*. Vishnu LIX, 2. The AgnHiotra which is here intended is, of course, the Srauta Agnihotra, to be performed with three fires. The Agnyadheya is one of the Havirya^was with which the .Srautagni- hotrin has to begin his rites.
10. Vishnu LIX, 8.
44 VASisnrtfA. VHI, 1 1.
11. (A householder) shall be industrious in reciting
the Veda, offering sacrifices, begetting children, and
(performing his other duties).
12. Let him honour visitors (who come) to his
house by rising to meet them, by (offering them)
seats, by speaking to them kindly and extolling
their virtues,
13. And all creatures by (giving them) food ac- cording to his ability.
14. A householder alone performs sacrifices, a
householder alone performs austerities, and (there-
fore) the order of householders is the most distin-
guished among the four.
15. As all rivers, both great and small, find a
resting-place in the ocean, even so men of all orders
find protection with householders.
1 6. As all creatures exist through the protection
afforded by their mothers, even so all mendicants sub-
sist through the protection afforded by householders.
1 7. A Brahma#a who always carries water (in his
gourd), who always wears the sacred thread, who
daily recites the Veda, who avoids the food of
outcasts, who approaches (his wife) in the proper
season, and offers sacrifices in accordance with the
11. I agree with Kr/sh»aparc<fita that the word 'and' used in this enumeration serves the purpose of calling to mind that there are other minor duties. The three named specially are the so- ralhd ' three debts ;' see below, XI, 48.
12. Vislwu LXVII, 45 ; Gautama V, 38-41.
13. Vishmi LX VII, 26.
14-17. Vistotm LIX, 27-30; ManuVI, 89.
15. Identical with ManuVI, 90.
17. 'Who always carries water (in his gourd)' (nityodakt) may also be translated, 'who always keeps water (in his house);' see Apastamba II, i, i, 15. 'Who always wears the sacred thread'
IX, ll. HERMIT. 45
rules (of the Veda, after death) never falls from Brahman's heaven.
CHAPTER IX.
1. A hermit shall wear (his hair in) braids, and dress (in garments made of) bark and skins ;
2. And he shall not enter a village.
3. He shall not step on ploughed (land).
4. He shall gather wild growing roots and fruit (only).
5. He shall remain chaste.
6. His heart shall be full of meekness.
7. He shall honour guests coming to his hermi- tage with alms (consisting of) roots and fruit,
8. He shall only give, not receive (presents).
9. He shall bathe at morn, noon, and eve.
10. Kindling a fire according to the (rule of the) •Sramawaka (Sutra), he shall offer the Agnihotra.
1 1. After (living in this manner during) six months,
may also mean ' who always wears his upper in the manner re- quired at a sacrifice,' i. e. passes it over the left and under the right arm.
IX. i. Vishnu XCIV, 8-9 ; Gautama III, 34. Kr*sh»apa»<fita takes £ira, * bark,' to mean ' (made of) grass,' e. g. of Mui^a or Balva^a.
a. Gautama III, 33. The particle 'and' probably indicates that the hermit is not to enter any other inhabited place.
3. Gautama III, 32. 4. Vishmi XCV, 5.
5. Vishmi XCV, 7. 6. ManuVI,8.
7. Gautama III, 30. 9. Vishmi XCV, 10.
10. Gautama III, 27. Knsh«apa»dita and MSS. B. F. read jrtvawakena, and the rest avar«akena. I read jr&nanakena,. ' ac- cording to the rule of the 5rSma«aka Sutra,' in accordance with Gautama's text. Baudhlyana, too, uses the same word.
11. Manu VI, 25.
VASISH77TA. IX, 12.
he shall dwell at the root of a tree, keeping no fire and having no house.
12. He (who in this manner) gives (their due) to
gods, manes, and men, will attain endless (bliss in)
heaven.
CHAPTER X.
1. Let an ascetic depart from his house, giving a promise of safety from injury to all animated beings.
2. Now they quote also (the following verses) :
' That ascetic who wanders about at peace with all
creatures, forsooth, has nothing to fear from any
living being.'
3. ' But he who becomes an ascetic and does not
promise safety from injury to all beings, destroys the
born and the unborn ; and (so does an ascetic) who
accepts presents.'
4. ' Let him discontinue the performance of all
religious ceremonies, but let him never discontinue the
recitation of the Veda. By neglecting the Veda he
becomes a .Sftdra ; therefore he shall not neglect it.'
5. '(To pronounce) the one syllable (Om) is the
best (mode of reciting the) Veda, to suppress the
breath is the highest (form of) austerity; (to subsist
on) alms is better than fasting ; compassion is pre-
ferable to liberality.'
6. (Let the ascetic) shave (his head); let him have no property and no home.
X. i. Manu VI, 39; Ya^wavalkya III, 61.
2. Manu VI, 40.
3. 'The born and the unborn,' i.e. his ancestors who lose heaven, and his descendants who lose their caste.
4. Manu VI, 39. 5. Manu II, 83.
6. Gautama III, n, 22. The term parigraha, 'home,' includes the wife, the family, attendants, and a house.
X, 20. Ascetic. 47
7. Let him beg food at seven houses which he has not selected (beforehand),
8. (At the time) when the smoke (of the kitchen- fire) has ceased and the pestle lies motionless.
9. Let him wear a single garment,
10. Or cover his body with a skin or with grass that has been nibbled at by a cow.
11. Let him sleep on the bare ground.
12. Let him frequently change his residence,
13. (Dwelling) at the extremity of the village, in a temple, or in an empty house, or at the root of a tree.
14. Let him (constantly) seek in his heart the knowledge (of the universal soul).
15 (An ascetic) who lives constantly in the forest,
1 6. Shall not wander about within sight of the village-cattle.
1 7. ' Freedom from future births is certain for
him who constantly dwells in the forest, who has
subdued his organs of sensation and action, who has
renounced all sensual gratification, whose mind is
fixed in meditation on the Supreme Spirit, and who
is (wholly) indifferent (to pleasure and pain).'
1 8. (Let him) not (wear) any visible mark (of his order), nor (follow) any visible rule of conduct.
19. Let him, though not mad, appear like one out of his mind.
20. Now they quote also (the following verses) : ' There is no salvation for him who is addicted to
7. Vishmi XCVI, 3.
8. Vishmi XCVI, 6 ; Manu VI, 56.
9. Vishnu XCVI, 13. It is very probable that the single gar- ment mentioned in the Sutra is, as Kmh«apa«<fita thinks, a small strip of cloth to cover the ascetic's nakedness.
12-13. Vishmi XCVI, 10-12. 14. Manu VI, 43, 65.
20. I read 'ramyavasathapriyasya,' with the majority of the MSS.
48 VASISHrffA. X, 21.
the pursuit of the science of words, nor for him who
rejoices in captivating men, nor for him who is fond
of (good) eating and (fine) clothing, nor for him who
loves a pleasant dwelling.'
21. ' Neither by (explaining) prodigies and omens,
nor by skill in astrology and palmistry, nor by casuistry
and expositions (of the 6astras), let him ever seek to
obtain alms/
22. ' Let him not be dejected when he obtains
nothing, nor glad when he receives something. Let
him only seek as much as will sustain life, without
caring for household property/
23. ' But he, forsooth, knows (the road to) salva-
tion who cares neither for a hut, nor for water, nor
for clothes, nor for the three Pushkaras' (holy tanks),
nor for a house, nor for a seat, nor for food/
24. In the morning and in the evening he may
eat as much (food) as he obtains in the house of one
Brahma#a, excepting honey and meat,
25. And he shall not (eat so much that he is quite) satiated.
26. At his option (an ascetic) may (also) dwell in a village.
2 7. Let him not be crooked (in his ways) ; (let him) not (observe the rules of) impurity on account
