6. Let him select as good food as he can afford, and have it prepared as well as possible.
7. He shall feed an uneven number (of Brah- mawas), at least nine,
8. Or as many as he is able (to entertain).
9. (Let him feed such as are) .Srotriyas and
XV. i . ' The word " now " indicates that a new topic begins/ — Haradatta. The rules now following refer in the first instance to the Parva«a or monthly Sraddha, but most of them serve also as general rules for all the numerous varieties of funeral sacrifices.
2. Manu III, 122 ; Ya^Tavalkya 1, 217.
3. Apastamba. II, 7, 16, 6. 4. Apastamba II, 7, 16, 6 22.
5. Some of the most famous among the places where the per- formance of a •Sra'ddha is particularly efficacious and meritorious are Gaya in BihSr, Pushkara or Pokhar near Agmu, the Kuru- kshetra near Dehli, Nasika on the GodSvart Pilgrims or persons passing through such places may and must perform a .S'raddha on any day of the month.
7. Ya^avalkya I, 227. 8. See also below, Sutra 21.
9. Apastamba II, 7. 17, 4. Haradatta explains vak, 'eloquence,' by ' ability to speak Sanskrit,' rupa, ' beauty.' by 'the proper number of limbs,' and vaya//sampanna, 'cf (suitable) age/ by 'not too young/
256 GAUTAMA. XV, TO,
endowed with eloquence and beauty, of a (suitable) age, and of a virtuous disposition.
10. It is preferable to give (food at a .Sraddha) to young (men in ,the prime of life).
11. Some (declare, that the age of the guests shall be) proportionate to (that of) the Manes.
12. And he shall not try to contract a friendship by an (invitation to a vSraddha).
13. On failure of sons (the deceased person's)
Sapi«</as, the Sapi^as of his mother, or his pupils
shall offer (the funeral oblations),
14. On failure of these an officiating priest or the teacher.
15. The Manes are satisfied for a month by
gifts of sesamum, Masha-beans, rice, barley, and
water,
For (three) years by fish and the flesh of common deer, spotted deer, hares, turtles, boars, and sheep,
For twelve years by cow's milk and messes made of milk,
For a very long time by the flesh of (the crane
called) Vardhrlwasa, by Ocymum sanctum (sacred
Basil), and by the flesh of goats, (especially) of a red
(he-goat), and of a rhinoceros, (if these dishes are)
mixed with honey.
1 6. Let him not feed a thief, a eunuch, an out- cast, an atheist, a person who lives like an atheist,
11. I.e. in honour of the father a young man is to be invited, in honour of the grandfather an old man, and in honour of the great-grandfather a very old man.
12. Apastamba II, 7, 17, 4, 8; Manu III, 140.
15. Apastamba II, 7, 16, 23— II, 7, 17, 3; II, 8, 18, 13.
1 6. Apastamba II. 7, 17, 21. 'A destroyer of the sacred fire (virahan), i.e. one \vho extinguishes intentionally the (domestic) fire
Xt, 18. Funeral Oblations. 257
the destroyer of the sacred fire, (the husband of) a
younger sister married before the elder, the hus-
band of an elder sister whose youngest sister was
married first, a person who sacrifices for women or
for a multitude of men, a man who tends goats,
who has given up the fire-worship, who drinks
spirituous liquor, whose conduct is blamable, who is
a false witness, who lives as a door-keeper ;
1 7. Who lives with another man's wife, and the (husband) who allows that (must not be invited) ;
1 8. (Nor shall he feed) a man who eats the food
of a person born from adulterous intercourse, a
seller of Soma, an incendiary, a poisoner, a man who
during studentship has broken the vow of chastity,
who is the servant of a guild, who has intercourse
with females who must not be touched, who de-
lights in doing hurt, a younger brother married
before the elder brother, an elder brother married
after his younger brother, an elder brother whose
out of hatred against his wife, and for the like reasons.' — Haradatta. He also remarks that some read agredidhishu instead of agredi- dhishu, and he proposes to explain the former, on the authority of Yyaghra and of the Naigha^/ukas, as ' a Brahmawa whose wife has been wedded before to another man.'
17. My MSS. make two Sutras out of Professor Stenzler's one, and read upapatLfc \ yasya ^a saA. The sense remains the same, but the latter version of the text is, I think, the correct one.
1 8. Haradatta says that ku«</a.rin may also mean 'he who eats out of a vessel called ku«</a,' as the people have in some countries the habit of preparing their food and afterwards eating out of the kuwda. Haradatta explains tyaktatman, 'one who despairs of himself,' by ' one who has made an attempt on his own life, and has tried to hang himself, and the like.' He remarks that some explain durvala, ' a. bald man,' by nirvesh/ita^epha. He who neglects the recitation of the sacred texts, i.e. of those texts which, like the Gayatri, ought to be recited.
258 GAUTAMA. XV, 19.
junior has kindled the sacred fire first, a younger
brother who has done that, a person who despairs
of himself, a bald man, a man who has deformed
nails, or black teeth, who suffers from white leprosy,
the son of a twice-married woman, a gambler, a
man who neglects the recitation (of the sacred
texts), a servant of the king, any one who uses
false weights and measures, whose only wife is a
.Sudra female, who neglects the daily study, who
suffers from spotted leprosy, a usurer, a person who
lives by trade or handicrafts, by the use of the bow,
by playing musical instruments, or, by beating time,
by dancing, and by singing ;
19. Nor, (sons) who have enforced a division of the family estate against the wish of their father.
20. Some (allow) pupils and kinsmen (to be in- vited).
21. Let him feed upwards of tjhree (or) one
(guest) endowed with (particularly) excellent qua-
lities.
22. If he enters the bed of a .Sudra female im-
mediately after partaking of a funeral repast, his
ancestors will lie for a month in her ordure.
23. Therefore he shall remain chaste on that day.
19. Below, XXVIII, 2, it will be prescribed that the division of the family estate may take place during the lifetime of the father with his consent. From this Sutra it would appear that sons could enforce a division of the ancestral estate against his will, as . Ya^wavalkya also allows (see Colebrooke, Mitakshara I, 6, 5-1 1), and that this practice, though legal, was held to be contra bonos mores.
ao. Apastamba II, 7, 17, 5-6.
21. According to Haradatta, this Sutra is intended as a modi- fication of Sutra 8.
22. Manu III, 250. 23. Manu III, 188.
XVI, r. THE STUDY OF THE VEDA. 259
24. If (a funeral offering) is looked at by dogs, A'awdalas, or outcasts, it is blemished.
25. Therefore he shall offer it in an enclosed (place),
26. Or he shall scatter grains of sesamum over it,
27. Or a man who sanctifies the company shall remove the blemish.
28. Persons who sanctify the company are, any
one who knows the six Ahgas, who sings the Gye-
sh^a-samans, who knows the three texts regarding
the Na£iketa-fire, who knows the text which con-
tains thrice the word Madhu, who knows the text
which thrice contains the word Supar«a, who keeps
five fires, a Snataka, any one who knows the Man-
tras and Brahma^as, who knows the sacred law,
and in whose family the study and teaching of the
Veda are hereditary.
29. (The same rule applies) to sacrifices offered to gods and men.
30. Some (forbid the invitation of) bald men and the rest to a funeral repast only.
CHAPTER XVI.
i. The annual (term for studying the Veda) be-
gins on the full moon of the month Sra.va.na. (July-
August) ; or let him perform the Upakarman on
24. Apastamba II, 7, 17, 20. 28. Apastamba II. 7, 17, 22.
29-30. Manu III, 132-137, 148-149.
XVI. i. Apastamba I, 3, 9, i. The Upakarman is the ceremony •which is annually performed at the beginning of the course of study, and it is obligatory on householders also; see Apastamba II, 2, 5, i. A^andS/ttsi, 'the Vedic texts,' i.e. the Mantras and Brahma«as. The Angas may be studied out of term ; see Apa- stamba I, 3, 9, 3 note.
260 GAUTAMA. XVI, 2.
(the full moon of) Bhadrapada (August-September) and study the Vedic texts,
2. During four months and a half, or during five
months, or as long as the sun moves towards the
south.
3. Let him remain chaste, let him not shave, nor eat flesh (during that period) ;
4. Or (this) restrictive rule may (be observed) during two months.
5. He shall not recite the Veda, if the wind whirls up the dust in the day-tirne,
6. Nor if it is audible at night,
7. Nor if the sound of a Va«a, of a large or
a small drum, the noise of a chariot, and the wail
of a person in pain (are heard),
8. Nor if the barking of many dogs and jackals, or the braying of many donkeys (is heard),
9. Nor if (the sky appears flaming) red, a rainbow (is seen), or hoar-frost (lies on the ground),
10. Nor if clouds rise out of season.
11. (Let him not study) when he feels the neces- sity to void urine or excrements,
12. Nor at midnight, in the twilight, and (while standing) in the water,
13. Nor while rain falls.
2. Apastamba I, 3, 9, 2-3.
3. This Sutra and the following one refer to a teacher or to a householder who again goes through the Veda; see Apastamba II, 2, 5> i5>Ai6.
5-6. Apastamba I, 3, n, 8.
7-8. Apastamba I, 3, 10, 19. A V&«a is stated to be a kind of lute, or harp, with a hundred strings.
9. Apastamba I, 3, n, 25, 31.
10. Apastamba I, 3, n, 31. n. Manu IV, 109.
12. Apastamba I, 3, n, 15, 17; Manu IV, 109.
13. Manu IV, 103. *
Xvi, 23. the Study of the Veda. 26 1
14. Some (declare, that the recitation of the Veda
must be interrupted only) when (the rain) is dripping
from the edge of the roof.
15. (Nor shall he study) when the teachers (of
the gods and Asuras, i.e. the planets Jupiter and
Venus) are surrounded by a halo,
1 6. Nor (when this happens) to the two (great) lights (the sun and the moon),
1 7. (Nor) while he is in fear, riding in a carriage
or on beasts of burden, or lying down, nor while his
feet are raised,
1 8. (Nor) in a burial-ground, at the extremity of a village, on a high-road, nor during impurity,
19. Nor while a foul smell (is perceptible), while
a corpse or a A'a»^ala (is) in (the village), nor in the
neighbourhood of a .Sudra,
20. Nor while (he suffers from) sour eructations.
2 1 . The /fog-veda and the Ya^ur-veda (shall not be studied) while the sound of the Samans (is heard).
22. The fall of a thunderbolt, an earthquake, an
eclipse, and (the fall of) meteors (are reasons for
discontinuing the reading of the Veda) until the
same time (next day),
23. Likewise when it thunders and rains and
15. 'Another (commentator says): " Parivesha«a, being sur- rounded by a halo, means bringing food." . . . (The Sutra means, therefore), He shall not study while his teacher eats.' — Haradatia.
1 6. Apastamba I, 3, ir, 31.
17. Apastamba I, 3, 9, 27; I, 3, n, 12; Manu IV, 112; Ya^wavalkya I, 150.
1 8. Apastamba I, 3, 9, 4, 6; I, 3, to, 2, 4 ; I, 3, n, 9.
19. Apastamba I, 3, 10, 24; I, 3, 9, 6, 14-15-
20. Apastamba I, 3, 10, 25. 21. Apastamba I, 3, 10, 19.
22. Apastamba I, 3, n, 30.
23. Apastamba I, 3, n, 29; Manu IV, 29.
262 GAUTAMA. XVI, 24.
when lightning (flashes out of season) after the fires have become visible (in the twilight).
24. (If these phenomena appear) during the
(rainy) season, (the reading must be interrupted)
for a day (or a night),
25. And if lightning (is observed) during the
night, (the recitation of the Veda shall be inter-
rupted) until the third watch.
26. If (lightning) flashes during the third part
of the day or later, (the Veda must not be read)
during the entire (following night).
27. (According to the opinion) of some, a fiery meteor (has the same effect) as lightning,
28. Likewise thunder (which is heard) during the last part of the day,
29. (Or) also in the twilight.
