Gautama: '(And) a Snataka (i.e. a person who has completed his studentship, but has not yet taken a wife, shall act thus).' Hara- datta: 'It must be understood that the word "and" has been left

IX, 7- THE DUTIES OF A SNATAKA.

2. (He shall be) always pure (and) sweet-smelling (and) bathe frequently.

3. If he possesses wealth, he shall not be dressed in old or dirty clothes ;

4. Nor shall he wear dyed or sumptuous gar-
ments, nor such as have been worn (before) by
others,

5. Nor a garland and shoes (that have been worn by others).

6. (He may wear a cast-off garment) which has been washed, if he is unable (to afford a new one).

7. He shall not allow his beard to grow without a (sufficient) reason.

out. (The meaning is) : " And a Snataka shall obey the following ordinances." If this Sutra were not given, those ordinances would have to be obeyed after marriage only ; and if the preceding SGtra (i) had not been given, before marriage only, because the term Snataka is usually employed in that (sense) only. For this reason both (SQtras) have been given.. Hence, though a man may not enter another order, he shall, after taking the bath (on completion of his studentship), obey these ordinances during his whole life. As here (Sutra i) the word sa, "such a man," is used, a Kshatriya and a Brahma»a only must necessarily obey the rules prescribed for a Snataka and perform a penance for breaking them ; and the penance for breaking the rules prescribed for a Snataka is fasting. This is (the object of the insertion of the word sa, " such (a man)." But, if a Vairya follows them, (his reward will be) prosperity ; if he breaks them, he need not perform a penance. With respect to this matter another Smr/'ti says : " The penance which is prescribed for a breach of the Snataka laws, must be performed by a Kshatriya and a Brahma«a alone, never by (men of) the other (caste)." '

2. Manu IV, 35.

3-4. Apastamba I, n, 30, 10-13. 5- Manu IV, 66.

6. According to Haradatta the same rule applies to garlands and shoes.

7. Manu IV, 35. 'The expression " his beard" includes by implication the nails and the rest As he says " without a suf- ficient reason," he shall allow his beard to grow during the preg-

22O GAUTAMA. IX, 8.

8. He shall not carry water and fire at the same time.

9. He shall not drink out of his joined hands.

10. He shall not sip water standing, nor (shall he sip) water drawn up (from a well),

11. Nor (water) that is offered by a .Sudra or
an impure man, or that has been taken up with
one hand.

12. Facing or within sight of wind, fire, Brah-
ma//as, the sun, water, (images of the) gods, and
cows he shall not eject urine or faeces or other
impurities.

13. He shall not stretch out his feet towards those divine beings.

14. He shall not remove urine or faeces with leaves, clods of earth, or stones.

15. He shall not stand upon ashes, hair, nail
(parings), husks (of grain), pot-sherds, or impure
substances.

16. He shall not converse with barbarians, im- pure or wicked men.

nancy of his wife and on other occasions. With respect to this matter they quote the following verse : " In the sixth year and in the sixteenth year, likewise in the year of his marriage and during the pregnancy of his wife, he shall avoid the use of a razor." ' Haradatta.

8. Apastamba II, 5, 12, 9. 9. Manu IV, 63.

10. Apastamba I, 5, 16, i.

ir. Apastamba I, 4, 21 ; I, 5, 15, 3.

12. Apastamba I, n, 30, 18-20.

13. Apastamba I, n, 30, 22.

14. Apastamba I, n, 30, 21. Haradatta remarks that some explain toshMa, ' a clod of earth,' by kapala, ' a pot-sherd.'

15. Apastamba II, 8, 20, i i-i 2. KapSla, ' pot-sherds/ may also mean ' skull-bones.'

1 6. Manu IV, 57. Haradatta says that only a conversation,

Tx, 26. the Duties of a Snataka. 221

17. If he has conversed (with such persons), he shall meditate on virtuous (men) ;

1 8. Or he may speak with a Brahma/za.

19. He shall call (a cow that is) not a milch-cow, a cow that will become a milch-cow.

20. (An event) that is not lucky (he shall call) lucky.

21. (In speaking of) a skull (he shall use the word) bhagala instead of kapala,

22. (And in speaking of) a rainbow, ma^iclhanus
(the jewelled bow) instead of indradhanus (Indra's
bow).

23. Let him not announce it to others, if a cow suckles (her calf),

24. Nor let him prevent her (from doing it).

25. After conjugal intercourse he shall at once clean himself.

26. Let him not recite the daily portion of the
Veda (lying) on that couch (on which he lies with
his wife).

properly so called, is forbidden, not to ask barbarians &c. about the road and similar matters.

1 8. Compare the analogous case, mentioned Apastamba I, 3,

19. Apastamba I. 11,31, n.

22. Apastamba I, n, 31, 16.

23. Apastamba I, i r, 31, 10. Haradatta remarks that the pro- hibition does not extend to those cases where the Vedic ritual requires the fact to be pointed out. He is, of course, right in making this statement, as an express injunction of the 6Yuti always overrides the rules of the Smn'ti.

24. Haradatta adds that this and the preceding Sfkras include by implication the cases where a cow does damage in a field ; see Apastamba I, n, 31, 9.

25. Apastamba 11, i, i, 21 — II, i, 2, i.

26. Apastamba I, i r, 32, 3.

222 GAUTAMA. IX, 27.

27. And when he has studied during the third watch of the night, he shall not again retire to rest.

28. Let him not have intercourse with his wife when she is ill,

29. Nor during her courses ;

30. Nor let him embrace her (during that period),

31. Nor an unmarried female.

32. He shall avoid to blow the fire with his
mouth, to contend with words, to show himself
covered with perfumed ointments or wearing gar-
lands, to scratch himself with any impure (imple-
ment), to take his meals with his wife, to look at
(a woman) who is anointing herself, to enter (his
village) by a back-gate, to wash one foot with the
other, to eat food deposited on a chair, to cross
a river swimming, to ascend trees and dangerous
(places), or to descend therefrom, and to imperil
his life (in any other manner).

33. Let him not ascend a ship (of) doubtful (solidity).

34. He shall protect himself by all (possible) means.

35. In the day-time he shall not wrap up his head while walking about ;

36. But at night he shall cover it,

37. And while voiding urine and faeces.

27. Apastamba I, n, 32, 15. 29-30. Manu IV, 40.

32. Apastamba I, 5, 15, 20; I, ir, 32, 5; Manu IV, 43 ; Apa- stamba I, n, 31, zi ; Manu IV, 74; Apastamba I, n, 32, 26; I, «, 32, 25.

33. Apastamba I, n, 32, 27.

35. Apastamba I, n, 30, 14. Haradatta adds that he may wrap up his head while sitting down and in walking when the sun or rain annoys him.

Ix, 47- the Duties of a Snataka. 223

38. (Let him) not (ease nature) without (first) covering the ground (with grass or the like),

39. Nor close to his dwelling,

40. Nor on ashes, on cow-dung, in a ploughed
field, in the shade (of a tree), on a road, in beautiful
(spots).

41. Let him eject both urine and faeces, facing the north in the day-time,

42. And in the twilight,

43. But at night, facing the south.

44. Let him avoid to use a seat, clogs, a stick
for cleaning the teeth (and other implements) made
of Pala^a-wood.

45. With shoes on (his feet), he shall not eat, sit down, salute, or worship (the gods).

46. Let him not pass idly (any part of the day,
be it) morning, midday, or evening ; (but) according
to his ability (he shall make each useful) by the
acquisition of spiritual merit or of wealth, and by
taking his pleasure.

47. But among those (three aims of human life)
he shall chiefly attend to the acquisition of spiritual
merit.

38. Apastamba I, u, 30, 15. 39. Apastamba I, n, 31, 2. 40. Apastamba I, n, 30, 16— 18. 41. Apastamba I, n, 31, i. 43. Apastamba I, u, 31, 3. 44. Apastamba I, n, 32, 9.

45. Apastamba I, 4, 14, 22.

46. Colebrooke, Mitakshara II, i, 22. 'He shall use the morning, according to his ability, for acts tending to the acquisi- tion of spiritual merit, such as reciting the Vedas; the middle part of the day for the acquisition of wealth ; and the evening for scenting himself, adorning himself with garlands and the like acts giving pleasure.' — Haradatta.

47. Apastamba I, 7, 20, 1-4.

224 GAUTAMA. IX, 48.

48. Let him not look at a naked woman wedded to another man.

49. Let him not draw a seat towards himself with his foot.

50. He shall keep his organ, his stomach, his
hands, his feet, his tongue, and his eyes under due
restraint.

51. Let him avoid to cut, to break, to scratch,
and to crush (anything), or to make (his joints)
crack, without a (sufficient) reason.

52. Let him not step 'over a rope (to which) a calf (is tied).

53. Let him not be a stay-at-home.

54." Let him not go to (perform) a sacrifice with- out being chosen (to officiate as priest).

55. But at his pleasure (he may go) to see it.

56. Let him not eat food (that he has placed) in his lap,

57. Nor what has been brought at night by a servant.

58. He shall not eat (substances) from which the
fat has been extracted, such as milk from which the
cream has separated, butter, oil-cake, buttermilk, and
the like.

48. Manu IV, 53.

50. Apastamba II, 2, 5, 19; Manu IV, 175, 177.

51. Apastamba I, IT, 32, 28; II, 8, 20, 16.

52. Apastamba I, n, 31, 13. Harudatu remarks that the word 'calf is used to designate any animal of the bovine species.

56. Manu IV, 63. 57. Apastamba I, 5, 16, 32.

58. Apastamba II, 8, 18, i ; II, 8, 20, 10. Haradalta adds that this rule has been inserted here instead of in the chapter on for- bidden Ibod in order to indicate that its breach must be expiated by the penance prescribed for a breach of the Snataka's vow, not by that prescribed for eating forbidden food.

Ix, 66. the Duties of a Snataka. 225

59. But he shall take his meals in the morning
and in the evening, blessing his food, not grumbling
at it.

60. He shall never sleep naked at night ;

61. Nor shall he bathe (naked);

62. And he shall perform whatever (else) aged
(Brahmawas), of subdued senses, who have been pro-
perly obedient (to their teachers), who are free from
deceit, covetousness, and error, and who know the
Vedas, declare (to be right).

63. In order to acquire wealth and for the sake of security he may go to a ruling (king),

64. (But) to no other (being) except the gods, his Gurus, and righteous (Brahma^as).

65. He shall seek to dwell in a place where fire-
wood, water, fodder, Kum grass, (materials for
making) garlands and roads exist in abundance,
which is chiefly inhabited by Aryans, which is rich
in industrious (men), and which is governed by a
righteous (ruler).

66. He shall pass excellent (beings and things),

59. Apastamba II, i, i, 2 ; II, 2, 3, n.

60. Manu IV, 75. 61. Manu IV, 6 1.

62. Apastamba I, n, 32, 29; I, 7, 20, 8. Haradatta adds that the plural is used in the above Sutra in order to indicate that many Brahmawas must be unanimous regarding the practices to be followed.

63. Manu IV, 33; X, 113. 'For the sake of these objects he may go to a ruler, i.e. a king, without cringing, because the preposition adhi is used (in the text, and) adhi denotes mastership (Pawini I, 4, 97). The meaning that he shall go (as becomes) an independent man.' — Haradatta.

65. Apastamba I, 5, 15, 22; I, n, 32, 18. Aryans, i.e. Brah- ma«as, Kshatriyas, and Vaijyas.

66. Manu IV, 39. 'A cow, a Brahma«a, a well-known tree, F2] 0

226 GAUTAMA. IX. 67.

auspicious (objects), temples of the gods, cross-
roads, and the like with his right turned towards
them.

67. The rule for times of distress (is, that) he
shall mentally perform all (that is required by the
rule of) conduct

68. He shall always speak the truth.