28. The above translation agrees with Professor Stenzler's text and Manu V, 143. But according to Haradatta the meaning of the Sutra is not so simple. His explanation is as follows: 'If while holding things in his hands he becomes impure, i. e. he is defiled by urine, faeces, leavings of food, and the like (impurities) which are causes for sipping water, then he shall sip water after placing those things on the ground. This refers to uncooked food, intended to be eaten. And thus Vasish/Aa (III, 4, 3, Benares edition) declares : " If he \»ho is occupied with eatables touches any impure substance, then he shall place that thing on the ground, sip water, and afterwards again use it." But the following text of another Smrrii, "A substance becomes pure by being sprinkled with water after having been placed on the ground," refers to cooked food, such as boiled rice and the like. Or (the above Sfitra may mean), " If he becomes impure while holding things in his hands, then he shall sip water withont laying them on the ground." And thus Manu (V, 143) says: '•' He who carries in any manner any- thing in his hands and is touched by an impure substance shall cleanse himself by sipping water without laying his burden down." This rule refers to things not destined to be eaten, such as gar- ments. And in the (above) Sutra the words, " He who becomes impure shall sip water," must lie taken as one sentence, and (the whole), " If while holding things in his hands he becomes impure,
I,3i. PURIFICATION. 179
29. (As regards) the purification of things, (objects)
made of metal must be scoured, those made of clay
should be thoroughly heated by fire, those made of
wood must be planed, and (cloth) made of thread
should be washed.
30. (Objects made of) stone, jewels, shells, (or)
mother-of-pearl (must be treated) like those made of
metal.
31. (Objects made of) bone and mud (must be treated) like wood.
he shall sip water without laying (them) down," must be taken as a second.'
Though it may be doubted if the yogavibh&ga, or ' division of the construction,' proposed by Haradatta, is admissible, still it seems to me not improbable that Gautama intended his Sutra to be taken in two different ways. For, if according to the ancient custom it is written without an Avagraha and without separating the words joined by Sandhi, dravyahasta u£>Mish/onidha'ya- Mmet, the latter group may either stand for u££Aish/o nidhSya a^amet or for u££>4ish/o anidhaya a££met. As the Stitra- karas aim before all things at brevity, the Sutra may have to be read both ways. If that had to be done, the correct translation would be : 'If while holding things in his hands, he becomes impure, he shall (purify himself by) sipping water, either laying (his burden) down (or) not laying it down, (as the case may require.) '
29. Apastamba I, 5, 17, 10-12 ; Manu V, 115, 122.
30. Manu V, 111-112.
31. 'Bone, i. e. ivory and the like. Mud, i.e. (the mud floor of) a house and the like. The purification of these two is the same as that of wood, i. e. by scraping (or planing). How is it proper that, since the author has declared (Sutra 29) that objects made of wood shall be purified by planing, the ex- pression "like wood" should be substituted (in this Sutra)? (The answer is that), as the author uses the expression "like wood," when he ought to have said "like objects made of wood," he indicates thereby that the manner of purification is the same for the material as for the object made thereof.' — Haradatta. The
ISO GAUTAMA I, 32.
32. And scattering (earth taken from a pure spot is another method of purifying denied) earth.
33. Ropes, chips (of bamboo), and leather (must be treated) like garments.
34. Or (objects) that have been defiled very much may be thrown away.
35. Turning his face to the east or to the north, he shall purify himself from personal defilement.
36. Seated in a pure place, placing his right arm between his knees, arranging his dress (or his
Sutra is, therefore, a so-called Gwapaka, intended to reveal the existence of a general rule or paribhasha which has not been given explicitly.
32. 'Scattering over, i. e. heaping on (earth) after bringing it from ano.her spot is an additional method of purifying earth. With regard to this matter VasishMa (III, 57) says: "Earth is purified by these four (methods, viz.) by digging, burning, scraping, being trodden on by cows, and, fifthly, by being smeared with cowdung." ' — Haradatta.
What Haradatta and probably Gautama mean, is that the mud floors of houses, verandahs, and spots of ground selected for sitting on, if defiled, should be scraped, and that afterwards fresh earth should be scattered over the spot thus cleansed. See, however, Manu V, 125, who recommends earth for the purification of other things also. The Sutra may also be interpreted so as to agree with his rule.
33. ' Chips (vidala), i.e. something made of chips of ratan-cane or bamboo, or, according to others, something made of feathers.'— Haradatta.
34. ' The word " or " is used in order to exclude the alternative (i.e. the methods of purification described above).' — Haradatta. For the explanation of the expression ' very much ' Haradatta refers to Vasish///a III, 58, with which Manu V, 123 may be compared.
35. ' The alternative (position) depends on the pleasure of the performer.' — Haradatta.
36. My MSS. more conveniently make five Sutras of Professor Stenzler's one Sutra. The divisions have been marked in the translation by semicolons.
a. 'How many times? Three times or four times; the alter-
1,40. PURIFICATION. l8l
sacrificial cord) in the manner required for a sacrifice
to the gods, he shall, after washing his hands up to
the wrist, three or four times, silently, sip water that
reaches his heart ; twice wipe (his lips) ; sprinkle his
feet and (his head) ; touch the cavities in the head
(severally) with (certain fingers of his) right hand ;
(and finally) place (all the fingers) on the crown of
his head and (on the navel).
37. After sleeping, dining, and sneezing (he shall) again (sip water though he may have done so before).
38. (Remnants of food) adhering to the teeth (do
not make the eater impure as little) as his teeth,
except if he touches them with his tongue.
39. Some (declare, that such remnants do not defile) before they fall (from their place).
40. If they do become detached, he should know
that he is purified by merely swallowing them, as
(in the case of) saliva.
native depends upon the pleasure of the performer. Another (commentator says): When, according to a speci.il rule of the Vedas the sipping must be accompanied by the recitation of sacred texts, then the act shall be repeated four times, else three times.' — Haradatta.
b. The custom of touching the lips twice is noted as the opinion of some, by Apastamba I, 5, 16, 4.
c. ' " Sprinkle his feet and." On account of the word " and " he shall sprinkle his head also/ — Haradatta.
d. ' " Touch the cavities," &c. Here the word " and " indicates that each organ is to be touched separately.' — Haradatta. Regard- ing the manner of touching, see Apastamba I, 5, 16, 5 and 7 note.
e. ' " (And finally) place,", -fee. Because the word " and " is used, he shall touch the navel and the head with all the ^fingers.'— Haradatta. Regarding the whole A^amanakalpa, see Apastamba I, 5, 1 6, i seq.
37. Manu V, 145. 38. Man a V, 141.
39. Vasish/Aa HI, 41.
40. 'As the author ought to have said, "If they become de-
l82 GADTAMA. I, 41.
41. Drops (of saliva) falling from the mouth do
not cause impurity, except if they fall on a limb of
the body.
42. Purification (from defilement) by unclean sub-
stances (has been, effected) when the stains and the
(bad) smell have been removed.
43. That (should be done) by first (using) water and (afterwards) earth,
44. When urine, faeces, or semen fall on a (limb)
and when (a limb) is stained (by food) during meals
(water should be sipped).
45. And in case the Veda ordains (a particular
manner of purification, it must be performed accord-
ing to the precept).
46. Taking hold with (his right) hand of the left
tached, he is purified by merely swallowing them," the addition of the words "he should know" and "as in the case of saliva" is intended to indicate that in the case of saliva, too, he becomes pure by swallowing it, and that purification by sipping need not be considered necessary.' — Haradatta. This Sutra consists of the second half of a verse, quoted by Baudhayana I, 5, 8, 25, and Vasish/Aa III, 41.
41. Apastamba I, 5, 16, 12.
42. In explanation of the term amedhya, 'unclean substances,' Haradatta quotes Manu V, 135.
43. Manu V, 134; see also Apastamba I, 5, 16, 15.
44. Apastamba I, 5, 16, 14.
45. ' If the Veda ordains any particular manner of purification for any particular purpose, that alone must be adopted. Thus the sacrificial vessels called £amasa, which have been stained by rem- nants of offerings, must be washed with water on the heap of earth called margiliya.' — Haradatta.
46. This and the following rules refer chiefly to the teaching of the Savitri, which forms part of the initiation. According to Gobhila Gr/hya-sfttra II, 10, 38, the complete sentence addressed to the teacher is, ' Venerable Sir, recite ! May the worshipful one teach me the Savitri.'
Studentship. 183
hand (of his teacher), but leaving the thumb free,
(the pupil) shall address his teacher, (saying) :
4 Venerable Sir, recite ! '
47. He shall fix his eyes and his mind on the (teacher).
48. He shall touch with Ku^a grass the (seat of the) vital airs.
49. He shall thrice restrain his breath for (the space of) fifteen moments ;
50. And he shall seat himself on (blades of Ku£a grass) the tops of which are turned toward the east.
51. The five Vyahrztis nfust (each) be preceded by (the syllable) Om and end with Satya.
52. (Every) morning the feet of the teacher must be embraced (by the pupil),
53. And both at the beginning and at the end of a lesson in the Veda.
54. After having received permission, the pupil
47. Apastamba I, 2, 5, 23 ; I, 2, 6, 20; Manu II, 192.
48. ' The (seat of the) vital airs are the organs of sense located in the head. The pupil shall touch these, his own (organs of sense) located in the head, in the order prescribed for the A^amana (see Apastamba I, 5, 16, 7 note).' — Haradatta. See also Manu II, 75.
49. ' Passing one's hand along the side of the knee, one will fill the space of one Tru/ikS. That is one moment (matra).' — Hara- datta. Manu II, 75.
50. Manu II, 75.
51. 'In the Vyahr/ti-samans (see Burnell, Arsheya-br., Index s.v.)five Vyihmis are mentioned, viz. BhuA, Bhuva/r, SvaA, Satyam, PurushaA. Each of these is .o be preceded by the syllable Om. But they are to end with Purusha^, which (in the above enumeration) occupies the fourth place.' — Haradatta. See also Manu II, 75 seq.
52-53. Apastamba I, 2, 5, 18-20.
54. Apastamba I, 2, 6, 24 ; Manu II, 193. ' " Turning his face towards the east or towards the north." This alternative depends upon (the nature of) the business.' — Haradatta.
1 84 GAUTAMA. I, 55.
shall sit down to the right (of his teacher), turning his face towards the east or towards the north,
55. And the Savitri must be recited ;
56. (All these acts must be performed) at the beginning of the instruction in the Veda.
57. The syllable Om (must precede the recitation of) other (parts of the Veda) also.
58. If (any one) passes between (the teacher and
the pupil) the worship (of the teacher must be
performed) once more.
59. If a dog, an ichneumon, a snake, a frog, (or)
a cat (pass between the teacher and the pupil) a
three days' fast and a journey (are necessary).
55. Manu II, 77.
