PRASNA I, PArALA 11, KHAJVDA 31.
1. He shall eat facing the east, void faeces facing
the south, discharge urine facing the north, and
wash his feet turned towards the west.
2. He shall void excrements far from his house, having gone towards the south or south-west.
3. But after sunset he must not void excrements outside the village or far from his house.
4. And as long as he is impure he (shall avoid) to pronounce the names of the gods,
18. Manu IV, 45, 46 ; Ya^«. I, 137,
19. Manu IV, 56.
20. Manu IV, 48, 52; Yagn. I, 134.
22. The prohibition to stretch the feet towards a fire occurs also Manu IV, 53; Y%«. I, 137.
31. 2. Manu IV, 151; Y%». I, 16.
1,11,31. Rules for a Snataka. 95
5. And he shall not speak evil of the gods or of the king.
6. He shall not touch with his foot a Brahmawa, a cow, nor any other (venerable beings).
7. (Nor shall he touch them) with his hand, except for particular reasons.
8. He shall not mention the blemishes of a cow, of sacrificial presents, or of a girl.
9. And he shall not announce it (to the owner)
if a cow does damage (by eating corn or grass in
a field).
10. (Nor shall he call attention to it) if a cow
is together with her calf, except for a particular
reason.
1 1 . And of a cow which is not a milch-cow he shall
not say, 'She is not a milch-cow.' He must say,
' This is a cow which will become a milch-cow.'
12. He shall not call ' lucky' that which is lucky. He shall call it ' a mercy, a blessing.'
13. He shall not step over a rope to which a calf (or cow) is tied.
14. He shall not pass between the posts from which a swing is suspended.
15. (In company) he shall not say, 'This person
5. Manu IV, 163.
8, 'In the section on transcendental knowledge (I, 8, 23, 5), "speaking evil" has been forbidden, in connection with the means of salvation. And below (Sutra 25) the (author) will declare that the sins which destroy the creatures are to be avoided. But this precept (is given in order to indicate that) in the case of cows and the rest an extra penance must be performed.'' — Haradatta.
12. Manu IV, 139. 13. Manu IV, 38.
14. ( Or according to others, " He shall not pass between pillars supporting an arch." ' — Haradatta. •
96 APASTAMBA. I, II, 31.
is my enemy.' If he says, ' This person is my
enemy,' he will raise for himself an enemy, who
will show his hatred.
1 6. If he sees a rainbow, he must not say to others, ' Here is Indra's bow.'
17. He shall not count (a flock of) birds.
1 8. He shall avoid to look at the sun when he rises or sets.
19. During the day the sun protects the crea-
tures, during the night the moon. Therefore let
him eagerly strive to protect himself on the night
of the new moon by purity, continence, and rites
adapted for the season.
20. For during that night the sun and the moon dwell together.
21. He shall not enter the village by a by-path.
If he enters it thus, he shall mutter this 7?zk-verse,
* Praise be to Rudra, the lord of the dwelling/ or
some other (verse) addressed to Rudra.
22. He shall not (ordinarily) give the residue of
his food to a person who is not. a Brahmawa. When
he gives it (to such a one), he shall clean his teeth
and give (the food) after having placed in it (the
dirt from his teeth).
1 6. Manu IV, 59.
17. ' Others explain (the Sfitra thus) : He shall not announce it to others, if he sees (the souls of) good men falling from heaven on account of the expenditure of their merit, (i.e.) he shall not call attention to shooting-stars.'- — Haradatta.
1 8. Manu IV, 37. 19. Manu IV, 153.
21. Manu IV, 73; Ya§7*. I, 140.
22. Manu IV, 80. ' This prohibition (given in the first part of the Sutra) refers to Sudras who are not dependents; to dependents the following (exception applies).' — Haradatta.
I, tr, 32. RULES FOR A SNATAKA. 97
23. And let him avoid the faults that destroy the creatures, such as anger and the like.
PRASNA I, PAFALA 11, KHANDA 32.
1. Let him who teaches, avoid connubial inter- course during- the rainy season and in autumn.
2. And if he has had connection (with his wife), he shall not lie with her during the whole night.
3. He shall not teach whilst he is lying on a bed.
4. Nor shall he teach (sitting) on that couch on which he lies (at night with his wife).
5. He shall not show himself adorned with a garland, or anointed with ointments.
6. At night he shall always adorn himself for his wife.
7. Let him not submerge his head together with his body (in bathing),
8. And (let him avoid) to bathe after sunset.
9. Let him avoid to use a seat, clogs, sticks for
cleaning the teeth, (and other utensils) made of
Pala^a-wood.
10. Let him avoid to praise (himself) before his teacher, saying, ' I have prope'rly bathed or the like.'
1 1. Let him be awake from midnight.
1 2. Let him not study (or teach) in the middle of
the night ; but (he may point out) their duties to his
pupils.
13. Or (he may) by himself mentally (repeat the sacred texts).
14. After midnight he may teach.
23. See above, I, 8, 23, 4 and 5, and Manu IV, 163.
32. i. Weber, Incf. Stud. X, 42.
2. Manu IV, 40. 5. Manu IV7, 72.
98 APASTAMBA. 1,11,32.
1 5. When he has risen (at midnight, and taught)
during the third watch of the night, let him not lie
down again (saying), ' Studying is forbidden.'
1 6. At his pleasure he may (sleep) leaning (against a pos;t or the like).
1 7. Or he may mentally repeat (the sacred texts).
1 8. Let him not visit inferior men (such as Nish£- das), nor countries which are inhabited by them,
19. Nor assemblies and crowds.
20. If he has entered a crowd, he shall leave it, turning his right hand towards the crowd.
21. Nor shall he enter towns frequently.
22. Let him not answer directly a question (that is difficult to decide).
24. (The foolish decision) of a person who decides
wrongly destroys his ancestors and his future hap-
piness, it harms his children, cattle, and house. ' Oh
Dharmaprahrada, (this deed belongs) not to Kuma-
lana ! ' thus decided Death, weeping, the question
(addressed to him by the ftishi).
15. I. e. if the following day is a forbidden day, e.g. an Ash/ami. See also Manu IV, 99.
1 8. Manu IV, 60 and 61.
24. Haradatta tells the story to which the second half of the verse alludes, in the following manner: 'A certain J?zshi had two pupils, called Dharmaprahrada and Kumalana. Once they brought from the forest two great bundles of firewood and threw them negligently into their teacher's house, without looking. One of the bundles struck the teacher's little son so that he died. Then the teacher asked his two pupils, " Which of you two has killed him ? " Both answered, " Not I, not I." Hereupon the teacher, being unable to (come to a decision in order to) send away the sinner and to keep the innocent one, called Death, and asked him. " Which of the two has killed the boy ? " Then Death, finding himself involved in a difficult law-question, began to weep, and
II, i,i. THE DUTIES OP A HOUSEHOLDER. 99
25. Let him not ascend a carriage yoked with
asses ; and let him avoid to ascend or to descend
from vehicles in difficult places.
26. And (let him avoid) to cross a river swimming.
27. And (let him avoid) ships of doubtful (solidity),
28. He shall avoid cutting grass, crushing clods of earth, and spitting, without a particular reason,
29. And whatever else they forbid.
PRASNA II, PATALA 1, KHAJVDA 1.
1 . After marriage the rites prescribed for a house- holder and his wife (must be performed).
2. He shall eat at the two (appointed) times, (morning and evening).
giving his decision, said, " Oh Dharmaprahrdda, not to Kumalana (the dative has the sense of the genitive), this sin is none of Kumalana's ! " Instead of declaring, " Dharmaprahrada, thou hast done this," he said, " The other did pot do it." Still from the circumstances of the case it appeared that the meaning of the answer was, " The other has done it." " This was the decision which he gave crying.'" — The reading of the text rendered in the translation is, dharmaprahrada na kumalanaya. 26. Manu IV, 77. 28. Manu IV, 70 and 71.
1. i. According to Haradatta, this rule is intended to refute the opinion of those who hold that the sacred household-fire may be kept, and the prescribed offerings therein may be performed, either from the time of the marriage, or after the division of the family estate, He also states that the use of the dual gr/hame- dhino^ indicates that husband and wife must perform the rites conjointly. Manu III, 67.
2. Haradatta thinks that this Sutra is intended to prevent householders from having more than two meals a day, and to keep them from gluttony. Others are of opinion that its object is to keep householders from excessive fasting, and to make them perform the Prandgnihotra at either meal. At the Pra«dgnihotra the sacrificer eats five mouthfuls invoking successively, whilst he
IOO APASTAMBA. II, i, I.
3. And he shall not eat to repletion.
4. And both (the householder and his wife) shall fast on (the days of) the new and full moon.
5. To eat once (on those days in the morning), that also is called fasting.
6. And they may eat (at that meal) until they are quite satisfied.
7. And on (the anniversary of) that (wedding)-day they may eat that food of which they are fond.
8. And (on the night of that day) they shall sleep on the ground (on a raised heap of earth).
9. And they shall avoid connubial intercourse.
10. And on the day after (that day) a Sthalipaka must be offered.
11. The manner in which that offering must be
eats, the five vital airs. At the first mouthful he says, ' To Prilna
svaha ; ' at the second, ' To Apana svaha,' &c.
5. Asv. Gri. Su. I, 10, 2.
7. Haradatta holds that the words 'on that day' do not refer to the days of the new and full moon, the Parvan-days, mentioned in Sutra 4. His reasons are, first, that the permission to eat food, of which the householder may be particularly fond, has already been given in Sutra 6, by the term triplifi, ' satisfaction ' ; and, secondly, that the singular ' on this day ' does not agree with the plural ' on the Parvan-days.' Hence he comes to the conclusion that the words 'on that day' must refer to the wedding-day, mentioned in Sutra i, as well as to its anniversary. Haradatta is, probably, right in his explanation, though the reasons adduced here are very weak. A stronger reason for detaching this Sutra from Sutra 4 will be brought forward below, under Sutra 1 1. Maha- deva, the commentator of the Hirawyakejridharma, adopts the view rejected by Haradatta.
8. Asv. Gri. Su. I, 3, 10.
10. A SthalTpaka is an offering at which rice cooked in a pot, stha.lt, is offered in the fire A full description of this kind of sacrifice occurs, Asv. Gri. Su. I, 10, i seq.
11. The Parvawa Sthalfpaka has been described by Apastamba
II, i, I. THE DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER. IOI
performed has been declared by (the description of
the Sthallpaka) to be performed on the days of the
new and full moon (the Parvawa).
12. And they declare (that this rite which is
known) amongst the people (must be performed)
every (year).
13. At every (burnt-offering), when he wishes to
place the fire on the altar (called Sthaw^ila), let him
draw on that (altar) three lines from west to east
and three lines from south to north, and sprinkle
(the altar) with water, turning the palm of the hand
downwards, and let him then make the fire burn
brightly by adding (fuel).
14. He shall pour out (the remainder of) this water
used for sprinkling, to the north or to the east (of
the altar), and take other (water into the vessel).
15. The water-vessels in the house shall never
be empty ; that is the duty to be observed by the
householder and his wife.
