12. Manu II, 122 and 124.
1 4. This salutation is to be performed only when the occasion requires it. The formerly-mentioned salutation (Sfttras 12, 13) is to be performed daily. In the next Sutra follows that by which the fulfilment of a wish may be obtained. — Haradatta. Manu II, 12 1 ; Ya£77. I, 26.
1.2,5. Studentship. 21
the persons mentioned) when he meets them on his return.
15. (He may also salute the persons mentioned
at other times), if he is desirous of heaven and long
life.
1 6. A Brahmawa shall salute stretching forward
his right arm on a level with his ear, a Kshatriya
holding it on a level with the breast, a Vaisya
holding it on a level with the waist, a Sudra holding
it low, (and) stretching forward the joined hands.
17. And when returning the salute of (a man be-
longing) to the first (three) castes, the (last syllable
of the) name (of the person addressed) is produced
to die length of three moras.
1 8. But when he meets his teacher after sunrise (coming for his lesson), he shall embrace (his feet).
19. On all other occasions he shall salute (him in the manner described above).
20. But some declare that he ought to embrace
the (feet of his) teacher (at every occasion instead of
saluting him).
21. Having stroked the teacher's right foot with
his right hand below and above, he takes hold of it
and of the ankle.
22. Some say, that he must press both feet, each with both hands, and embrace them.
23. He shall be very attentive the whole day
1 6. 'A Vaijya shall salute stretching forth his arm on a level with his middle, i.e. the stomach ; others say, on a level with his thigh ; the Sudra stretching it forth low, i.e. on a level with his feet." — Haradatta.
17. See also Manu II, 125.
18. Manu II, 71.
22. Manu II, 72.
23. Manu II, 191.
2 2 Apastamba. I, 2, 6-
long, never allowing his mind to wander from the lesson during the (time devoted to) studying.
24. And (at other times he shall be attentive) to the business of his teacher.
25. And during the time for rest (he shall give) his mind (to doubtful passages of the lesson learnt).
26. And he shall study after having been called
by the teacher (and not request the teacher to begin
the lesson).
PRASNA I, PAPALA 2, KHAM>A 6.
1. Every day he shall put his teacher to bed
after having washed his (teacher's) feet and after
having rubbed him.
2. He shall retire to rest after having received (the teacher's permission).
3. And he shall not stretch out his feet towards him.
4. Some say, that it is not (sinful) to stretch out
the feet (towards the teacher), if he be lying on a
bed.
5. And he shall not address (the teacher), whilst he himself is in a reclining position.
6. But he may answer (the teacher) sitting (if the teacher himself is sitting or lying down).
7. And if (the teacher) stands, (he shall answer him,) after having risen also.
26. Ya#3. I, 27; Manu II, 191. 6. i. Manu H, 209. 2. Manu II, 194.
4. ' But, in Apastamba's opinion, it is sinful even in this case.'- Haradatta.
5. Manu II. 195.
6. Manu 11, 1 96.
1,2,6. Studentship. 23
8. He shall walk after him, if he walks.
9. He shall run after him, if he runs.
10. He shall not approach (his teacher) with shoes
on his feet, or his head covered, or holding (imple-
ments) in his hand.
11. But on a journey or occupied in work, he may
approach him (with shoes on, with his head covered,
or with implements in his hand),
12. Provided he does not sit down quite near (to his teacher).
13. He shall approach his teacher with the same
reverence as a deity, without telling idle stories,
attentive and listening eagerly to his words.
14. (He shall not sit near him) with his legs crossed.
15. If (on sitting down) the wind blows from the pupil towards the master, he shall change his place.
1 6. (He shall sit) without supporting himself with his hands (on the ground),
17. Without leaning against something (as a wall or the like),
1 8. If the pupil wears two garments, he shall
wear the upper one after tha fashion of the sacred
thread at the sacrifices.
19. But, if he wears a (lower) garment only, he shall wrap it around the lower part of his body.
20. He shall turn his face towards his teacher though the latter does not turn his towards him.
21. He shall sit neither too near to, nor too far (from the teacher),
15. Manu II, 203.
18. At sacrifices the sacred thread passes over the left shoulder and under the right arm. Manu II, 63, and Taitt. Ar. 11, i, 3. 20. Manu II, 197.
24 APASTAMBA. 1, 2, 6.
22. (But) at such a distance, that (the teacher)
may be able to reach him with his arms (without
rising).
23. (He shall not sit in such a position) that the wind blows from the teacher, towards himself.
24. (If there is) only one pupil, he shall sit at the right hand (of the teacher).
25. (If there are) many, (they may sit) as it may be convenient.
26. If the master (is not honoured with a seat and) stands, the (pupil) shall not sit down.
27. (If the master is not honoured with a
couch) and sits, the (pupil) shall not lie down on
a couch.
28. And if the teacher tries (to do something),
then (the pupil) shall offer to do it for him, if it is in
his power.
29. And, if his teacher is near, he shall not
embrace (the feet of) another Guru who is inferior
(in dignity) ;
30. Nor shall he praise (such a person in the
teacher's presence) by (pronouncing the name of)
his family. •
31. Nor shall he rise to meet such an (inferior Guru) or rise after him,
32. Even if he be a Guru of his teacher.
33. But he shall leave his place and his seat, (in order to show him honour.)
23. See Sutra 15 and Manu quoted there.
29. The term Guru includes a father, maternal uncle, &c. (see above), r,nd these are inferior to the teacher. Manu II, 205.
31-32. 'The pupil is not to show the mentioned marks of respect to any of his own inferior Gurus, even if the person is the Guru, e.g. the maternal uncle, of his teacher.' — Haradatta.
1,2,7- STUDENTSHIP.
34. Some say, that (he may address) a pupil of
his teacher by (pronouncing) his name, if he is also
one of his (the pupil's) own Gurus.
35. But towards such a person who is generally
revered for some other reason than being the teacher
(e.g. for his learning), the (student) should behave as
towards his teacher, though he be inferior in dignity
to ihe latter.
36. After having eaten in his (teacher's) presence,
he shall not give away the remainder of the food
without rising.
37. Nor shall he sip water (after having eaten in the presence of his teacher without rising).
38. (He shall rise) addressing him (with these words), ' What shall I do ? '
PRASNA I, PArALA 2, KHAJVDA 7.
1. Or he may rise silently.
2. Nor shall he (in going away) move around his
teacher with his left hand turned towards him ; he.
shall go away after having walked around him with
his right side turned towards him.
3. He shall not look at a naked woman.
4. He shall not cut the (leaves or flowers) of herbs or trees, in order to smell at them.
34. 'But Apastamba's own opinion is that he ought not to
address by name a (matenvil uncle or other) Guru (who visits his
teacher).' — Haradatta.
36. According to I, i, 3, 40 seq.; a student shall give what he is unable to eat to a child, or to a slave. If he has eaten in the presence of his teacher, lie shall not give the food away without rising for the purpose.
7. 3. Manu IV. 53; Ya^«. 1, 135.
4. Gopatha-braMimu/ra I, 2, 2.
26 APASTAMBA.
5. He shall avoid (the use of) shoes, of an umbrella, a chariot, and the like (luxuries).
6. He shall not smile.
7. If he smiles, he shall smile covering (the mouth with his hand) ; thus says a Brahmawa.
8. He shall not touch a woman with his face, in order to inhale the fragrance of her body.
9. Nor shall he desire her in his heart.
10. Nor shall he touch (a woman at all) without a particular reason.
11. A Brdhmawa declares, ' He shall be dusty, he shall have dirty teeth, and speak the truth.'
1 2. Those teachers, who instructed his teacher in
that science which he (the pupil) studies with him,
(are to be considered as) spiritual teachers (by the
pupil).
13. But if (a teacher), before the eyes of his
(pupil), embraces the feet of any other persons, then
he (the pupil also) must embrace their feet, (as long
as he remains) in that (state of studentship).
5. Manu II, i? 8.
10. Manu II, 179.
11. ' Though both (these first two precepts) have been given in Sutra I, i, 2, 27, still they are repeated, in order to show that a •Srauta penance for the breach of them, is enjoined by a revealed text.' — Haradatta.
12. The term vawwya, 'ancestor,' for the teacher's teacher is explained by the circumstance, that Hindus consider a 'school,' consisting of a succession of teachers and pupils, as a spiritual family, and call it a vidyavawja, vidyaparampara. Manu II, 205.
13. 'Another (commentator) says, "He, the pupil, must embrace their feet (at every meeting) from that time (when he first saw his teacher do it)." Because the word " but " is used in the Sutra, he must do so even after he has returned home (on completion of his studies).'- Haradatta.
1, 2, 7. Studentship. 27
14. If (a pupil) has more than one teacher, the
alms (collected by him) are at the disposal of him to
whom he is (just then) bound.
15. When (a student) has returned home (from
his teacher), he shall give (whatever he may obtain
by begging or otherwise) to his mother.
1 6. The mother shall give it to her husband ;
17. (And) the husband to the (student's) teacher.
1 8. Or he may use it for religious ceremonies.
19. After having studied as many (branches of)
sacred learning as he can, he shall procure in a
righteous manner the fee for (the teaching of) the
Veda (to be given to his teacher), according to his
power.
20. But, if the teacher has fallen into distress, he may take (the fee) from an Ugra or from a Sudra.
21. But some declare, that it is lawful at any
time to take the money for the teacher from an
Ugra or from a
14. 'More than one teacher/ i.e. several, who have taught him the several Vedas. Each Brahman generally knowing one Veda only.
This passage shows, that the young Brahmans in olden time, just as now, went from one teacher to the other, learning from each what he knew. The rules, which seemingly enjoin a pupil to stay with one and the same teacher, refer only to the principle, that the pupil must stay with his teacher, until he has learnt the subject which he began with him.
1 8. 'Religious ceremonies, i.e. the wedding and the like. For them he may use it optionally. He, i.e. on failure of the teacher ; the father, on failure of the father; the mother, OP failure of all (the pupil) himself.' — Haradatta.
19. Manu II, 245 and 246; Y%$. I, 51; Weber, Ind. Stud. X, 125.
20. ' The word Ugra denotes either the offspring of a Vaijya and of a -Sudra woman, or a twice-born man who perpetrates dreadful deeds.' — Haradatta.
28 APASTAMRA. ' I, e, 7.
22. And having paid (the fee), he shall not boast of having done so.
23. And he shall not remember what he may have done (for his teacher).
24. He shall avoid self-praise, blaming others, and the like.
25. If he is ordered (by his teacher to do some- thing), he shall do just that.
26. On account of the incompetence of his teacher, (he may go) to another (and) study (there).
27. He shall behave towards his teacher's wife
as towards the teacher himself, but he shall not
embrace her feet, nor eat the residue of her food.
28. So also (shall he behave) towards him who teaches him at (the teacher's) command,
29. And also to a fellow-student who is superior (in learning and years).
30. He shall behave to his teacher's son (who is
superior to himself in learning or years) as to his
teacher, but not eat the residue of his food.
