3. They are in doubt if he shall perform a penance for such (a deed) or if he shall not do it.
4. (Some) declare, that he shall not do it,
5. Because the deed does not perish.
6. The most excellent (opinion is), that he shall perform (a penance).
of the king to prevent, by all means in his power, a violation of the sacred duty to perform 6'rauta-sacrifices, and that it is intended to prescribe that he is to assist a man who is engaged in them and too poor to finish them.
XIX. I. Haradatta thinks that the object of this Sutra is to assert that in the following chapter the laws given above for castes and orders must be kept in mind. Thus penances like offering a Punastoma are not intended for -Sudras, who have no business with Vedic rites, but other penances are. He also states that another commentator believes that the Siatra is meant to indicate that the following rules refer not merely to those men who belong to castes and orders, but to the Pratilomas also, who have been declared to stand outside the pale of the sacred law. Haradatta's opinion appears to be preferable.
2. 'Ayam purusha/;, "man (in) this (world)," indicates the universal soul which is dwelling in the body. Yapya, "vile," i. e. despicable (kutsita).' — Haradatta.
3. ' They, i. e. the theologians (brahmavadina/z).' — Haradatta.
5. I.e. the guilt (adharma) contracted by the deed is not effaced before it has produced its result in the shape of punishment in hell and in other births, see also Manu XI, 45.
6. 'Apara, "most excellent," means that which nothing sur- passes, i. e. the setded doctrine.' — Haradatta.
272 GAUTAMA. XIX, 7.
7. For it is declared in the Veda, that he who
has offered a Punastoma.(may) again come to (par-
take of) the Hbations of Soma,
8. Likewise he who has offered a Vratyastoma.
9. (The Veda says) further: 'He who offers a
horse-sacrifice, conquers all sin, he destroys the
guilt of the murder of a Brahma;^a ;
10. Moreover: 'He shall make an Abhi^asta perform an Agnish^ut sacrifice.'
11. Reciting the Veda, austerity, a sacrifice,
fasting, giving gifts are the means for expiating
such a (blamable act).
12. The purificatory (texts are), the Upanishads,
the Vedantas, the Sawhita-text of all the Vedas,
the (Anuvakas called) Madhu, the (hymn of)
Aghamarsha/^a, the Atharvai^iras, the (Anuvakas
called the) Rudras, the Purusha-hymn, the two
Samans (called) Ra^ana and Rauhi;zeya, the Br/hat
(Saman) and the Rathantara, the Purushagati (Sa-
man), the Mahanamnis, the Mahavaira^a (Saman),
the Mahadivakirtya (Saman), any of the G^yesh///a
Samans, the Bahishpavamana (Saman), the Kush-
ma^^^as, the Pavamanis, and the Savitri.
7. The Punastoma is one of the -S'rauta-sacrifices belonging to the class called Ekaha. Regarding its efficacy, see also La/ya- yana 6'rauta-sutra IX, 4, 5.
8. The Vratyastoma is another Ekaha-sacrifice. Regarding its efficacy, see Y%Savalkya I, 38; La/yayana ^'rautra-sutra VIII, 6, 29.
9. -S'atapatha-brahmawa XIII, 3, i, i.
10. The Agnish/ut is an Ekaha-sacrifice. Regarding its efficacy, see Manu XI, 75.
11. Manu XI, 46, 228; Apastamba I, 9, 26, 12-I, 9, 27, 11.
12. ' Those parts of the Arawyakas which are not (Upanishads) are called Vedantas. In all the Vedas (Mandas), i. e. in all 6'akhas (prava/^ana), the Sawhita-text, not the Pada-text, nor the Krama- text. Another commentator says, " One Sa;;ihita is to be made
Xix, 15- Penances. 273
13. To live on milk alone, to eat vegetables only,
to eat fruits only, (to live on) barley-gruel prepared
of a handful of grain, to eat gold, to eat clarified
butter, and to drink Soma (are modes of living
which) purify.
14. All mountains, all rivers, holy lakes, places «
of pilgrimage, the dwellings of i?/shis, cow-pens, and
temples of the gods (are) places (which destroy -^
sin).
15. Continence, speaking the truth, bathing miorn-
ing, noon, and evening, standing in wet clothes,
sleeping on the ground, and abstaining from food
(are the various kinds of) austerity.
with all the metres, i.e. the Gayatri and the rest, and to be recited ac- cordina; to the manner of the Prataranuvaka." ' — Haradatta. Accord- ing to the same, the Madhus are found Taittiriya Arawyaka X, 38, the hymn^of Aghamarshawa Rig-veda X, 190, the Rudras Taittiriya- sawhita IV, 5, i-ii, and in the corresponding eleven chapters of all other Ya^us-^akhas, the Purushasukta Rig-veda X, 90, the Kush- ma«^as Taittiriya Arawyaka X, 3-5, the Pavamanis Rig-veda IX, while by Atharvajiras the Upanishad, known by that name, is meant. As regards the Samans mentioned in the Si^tra it suffices to refer to Professor Benfey's Index, Ind. Stud. Ill, 199, and to Dr. Bur- nell's Index of the Arsheya-brahmawa.
13. According to Haradatta the word iti, which appears in the text at the end of the enumeration, is intended to include other similar kinds of food, as ' the five products of the cow.' Eating gold means eating small particles of gold which have been thrown into clarified butter and the like.
14. The word iti used in the text is, according to Haradatta, again to be taken in the sense of ' and so forth.' The translation of parishkanda, 'a temple,' not parishkandha, as Professor Stenzler reads, is based on Haradatta's explanation. Etymologically it seems to mean ' a place for circumambulation/ and to denote the platform on which the temples usually stand, and which is used for the Pradakshiwa ceremony.
15. The word iti in the text is explained as in the preceding Sutras.
2 74 GAUTAMA. XIX,i6.
1 6. Gold, a cow, a dress, a horse, land, sesamum,
clarified butter, and food are the gifts (which destroy
sin).
1 7. A year, six months, four (months), three
(months), two (months), one (month), twenty-four
days, twelve days, six days, three days, a day and
a night are the periods (for penances).
18. These (acts) may be optionally performed when no (particular penance) has been prescribed,
19. (Viz.) for great sins difficult (penances), and for trivial faults easy ones.
20. The Kr/X'i/^ra and the Atikr//^/^//ra, (as
well as) the A'andraya/za, are penances for all
(offences).
Chapter XX.
1. Let him cast off a father who assassinates a
king, who sacrifices for .Sudras, who sacrifices for
his own sake (accepting) money from ^'udras, who
divulges the Veda (to persons not authorised to
study it), who kills a learned Brahma;/a, who dwells
with men of the lowest castes, or (cohabits) with a
female of one of the lowest castes.
2. Having assembled the (sinner's) spiritual Gurus
18. These (acts), i. e. the recitation of the Veda and so forth, which have been enumerated above, Sutras 11-16.
20. Regarding these penances, see chapters XXVI and XXVII. Haradatta again takes the word iti, which occurs in the text, to include other difficult penances.
XX. I. Haradatta remarks that the father is mentioned here, in order to indicate that other less venerable relatives must certainly also be abandoned. He also states that bhru;/ahan, ' he who slays a learned Brahmawa,' includes sinners who have committed other mortal sins (mahapatakas), see XXI, i.
2. Manu XI, 183-185; Ya^ilavalkya III, 295. The spiritual
Xx, 10. Penances. 275
and the relatives by marriage, (the sons and other
kinsmen) shall perform (for him) all the funeral
rites, the first of which is the libation of water,
3. And (afterwards) they shall overturn his water- vessel (in the following manner) :
4. A slave or a hired servant shall fetch an
impure vessel from a dust-heap, fill it (with water
taken) from the pot of a female slave and, his face *
turned towards the south, upset it with his foot,
pronouncing (the sinner's) name (and* saying) : ' I
deprive N. N. of water.'
5. All (the kinsmen) shall touch him (the slave)
passing their sacrificial cords over the right shoulder
and under the left arm, and untying the locks on
their heads.
6. The spiritual Gurus and the relatives by marriage shall look on.
7. Having bathed, they (all shall) enter the village,
8. He who afterwards unintentionally speaks to
the (outcast sinner) shall stand, during one night,
reciting the Savitri.
9. If he intentionally (converses with the out-
cast, he must perform the same penance) for three
nights.
10. But if an (outcast sinner) is purified by
(performing) a penance, (his kinsmen) shall, after
he has become pure, fill a golden vessel (with water)
from a very holy lake or a river, and make him
bathe in water (taken) from that (vessel).
Gurus, i. e. the teacher who initiated him (aMrya) and those who instructed him in the Veda (upadhyaya).
8. Manu XI, 185.
10. Manu XI, 187-188; Ya^navalkya III, 296.
276 GAUTAMA. XX, 11,
11. Then they shall give him that vessel and he,
after taking it, shall mutter (the following Mantras) :
' Cleansed is the sky, cleansed is the earth, cleansed
and auspicious is the middle sphere ; I here take
that which is brilliant.'
1 2. Let him offer clarified butter, (reciting) these
Ya/us formulas, the Pavamanis, the Taratsamandis,
and the Kushma;z^as.
13. Let him present gold or a cow to a Brah- ma;/a,
14. And to his teacher.
15. But he, whose penance lasts for his (whole) lifetime, is purified after death.
16. Let (his kinsmen) perform for him all the
funeral rites, the first of which is the libation of
water,
17. This same (ceremony of bathing in) water
consecrated for the sake of purification (must be
performed) in the case of all minor offences (upapa-
takas).
Chapter XXL
I . The. murderer of a Brahma/^a, he who drinks spirituous liquor, the violator of a Guru's bed, he
11. As appears from Gobhila Gr/hya-sutra III, 4, 16, the noun to be understood is apam a,nga.\ik, ' a handful of water.'
12. Haradatta refers the term Pavamanis here to Taittiriya- brahma«a I, 4, 8. The Taratsamandis are found Rig-veda IX, 58.
17. ' "Water (consecrated) for the sake of purification" means water consecrated by the formulas, " Cleansed is the earth," &c.' — Haradatta.
XXI. I. Apastamba I, 7, 21, 7-9, 11; I, 9, 24, 6-9; INIanu XI, 35; Ya^uavalkya III, 227. Guru, i.e. a father or spiritual teacher. The term yonisambandha, 'sisters and their female offspring,' seems to be used here in a sense different from that which it has III, 3 ;
Xxi, 9. Penances. 277
who has connexion with the female relatives of his
mother and of his father (within six degrees) or with
sisters and their female offspring, he who steals (the
gold of a Brahma/m), an atheist, he who constantly
repeats blamable acts, he who does not cast off
persons guilty of a crime causing loss of caste, and
he who forsakes blameless (relatives), become out-
casts,
2. Likewise those who instigate others to acts causing loss of caste,
3. And he who for a (whole) year associates with outcasts.
4. To be an outcast means to be deprived of
the right to follow the lawful occupations of twice-
born men,
5. And to be deprived after death of the rewards of meritorious deeds.
6. Some call (this condition) hell.
7. Manu (declares, that) the first three (crimes, named above) cannot be expiated.
8. Some (declare, that a man) does not become
an outcast (by having connexion) with female (rela-
tives), except (when he violates) a Guru's bed.
9. A woman becomes an outcast by procuring
XIV, 20; and XIX, 20. It may possibly include also daughters- in-law.
2. Apastamba II, 11, 29, i.
3. Manu IX, 181 ; Ya^ilavalkya III, 261.
7. Apastamba I, 9, 24, 24-25; I, 9, 25, 1-3; Manu XI, 90-92, 104-105. The 'penances' prescribed are equal to a sentence of death.
8. Apastamba I. 7, 21, 10.
9. Y%navalkya III, 298. 'On account of the word "and," by slaying a Brahma;/a and similar crimes also. Another (com- mentator) says, " A woman who serves the slayer of a learned
278 GAUTAMA. XXI, lO.
abortion, by connexion with a (man of) lower (caste) and (the hke heinous crimes).
10. Giving false evidence, calumnies which will
reach (the ears of) the king, an untrue accusation
brought against a Guru (are acts) equal to mortal
sins (mahapataka).
11. (The guilt of a) minor offence (upapataka)
rests on those w^io (have been declared to) defile
the company (at a funeral dinner and have been
named above) before the bald man, killers of kine,
those who forget the Veda, those w^io pronounce
Vedic texts for the (last-mentioned sinners), students
who break the vow of chastity, and those who allow
the time for the initiation to pass.
12. An officiating priest must be forsaken, if he
is ignorant (of the rules of the sacrifice), a teacher,
if he does not impart instruction, and (both) if they
commit crimes causing loss of caste.
13. He who forsakes (them) under any other circumstances, becomes an outcast.
