8. Regarding the forty sacraments, see below, Sutras 14-20.
9. Regarding the three occupations, common to all twice-born men, see below, X, I.
10. See below, X, 2.
11. The SamayaHrika or Smarta duties are those taught in
the Dharma-sutras and Smn'tis, see Apastamba I, i, i, i, and
Mailer's History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature, p. loi.
12. See Weber, Ind. Stud. X, 41, 60, 66; Macnaghten, Mita- kshara I, 2, 27.
1 4. Regarding the Sa7;/skaras mentioned in this Sutra, see A^valayana Gr/'hya-sutra I, 13-23; 6'ahkhayana Gnhya-sutra I, 19-II, 5; Paraskara G/vhya-sutra I, 13-n, 2.
214 GAUTAMA. VIII, 15.
child), the ceremony of naming the child, the first
feeding, the A'aula (or tonsure of the head of the
child), the initiation,
15. The four vows (undertaken) for the study of the Veda,
16. The bath (on completion of the studentship),
the taking of a help-mate for the fulfilment of the
religious duties, the performance of the five sacrifices
to gods, manes, men, goblins, and Brahman,
17. And (the performance) of the following (sacrifices) :
18. The seven kinds of Pakaya^nas (or small
sacrifices), viz. the Ash/aka, the Parva;za (Sthalt-
paka, offered on the new and full moon days), the
funeral oblations, the KS'rava;^!, the Agrahaya;^i, the
Aaitri, and the Asvayu^t ;
15. The four vows, as Haradatta states, are, according to Ajvalayana, the Mahanamnivrata, the Mahavrata, the Upanishad- vrata, and the Godana; see Ajvalayana 6'rauta-sutra VIII, 14, where the first three are described in detail, and Grzliya-sutra I, 22, 3, with the commentary thereon. Other Grzliya-sutras give more and different names, see H. Oldenberg, -Sankhayana Gr/hya- sutra II, 11-12 (in Weber's Ind. Stud. vol. XV), and Gobhila Grz'hya-sutra III, i, 28-III, 2, 62.
16. Haradatta explains snana, ' the bath,' by samavartana, 'the ceremony on completion of the studentship.' Regarding the five sacrifices, usually called the great sacrifices, see above, VII, 9 seq.
18. The various Pakaya^fias, named here, are fully described by Ajvalayana Grz'hya-sutra II, i, i-II, 10, 8; Gobhila III, 10 seq. ; Paraskara III, 3 seq. See also Max MuUer, History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature, p. 203. The Ash/akas are sacrifices offered on the eighth day of the dark halves of the winter months, and of those of the dewy season, i. e. Kartika, Marga^iras, Pausha, and Magha. The 6'ravam is offered on the full moon day of the month of -Srava^a, the Agrahaya;zi on the fourteenth, or on the full moon day of Marga^iras, the A'aitri on the full moon day of the iTaitra, and the Ajvayu^i on the full moon day of the month Ajvayu^a or A-rvina.
VIII, 25- KING AND BRAHMAiVA VERSED IN VEDAS. 2 I 5
19. The seven kinds of Havirya^nas, viz. the
Agnyadheya, the Agnihotra, the Dar>fapaumamasas,
the Agraya;m, the A'aturmasyas, the Nirud/i3.p3.su-
bandha, and the Sautrama;^! ;
20. The seven kinds of Soma-sacrifices, viz. the
Agnish/oma, the Atyagnish/oma, the Ukthya, the
Sho^a>s-in, the Atiratra, and the Aptoryama ;
2 1 . These are the forty sacraments.
22. Now (follow) the eight good qualities of the soul,
23. (Viz.) compassion on all creatures, forbear-
ance, freedom from anger, purity, quietism, aus-
piciousness, freedom from avarice, and freedom from
covetousness.
24. He who is sanctified by these forty sacra-
ments, but whose soul is destitute of the eight good
qualities, will not be united with Brahman, nor does
he reach his heaven.
25. But he, forsooth, who is sanctified by a few
only of these forty sacraments, and whose soul is
endowed with the eight excellent qualities, will be
united with Brahman, and will dwell in his heaven.
19-20. The Havirya^nas and Soma-sacrifices are described in the Brahmawas and 6'rauta-sutras. Havis denotes any kind of food used for oblations, such as clarified butter, milk, rice, meat, &c.
2 2. Apastamba I, 8, 23, 6. ' 23. Haradatta explains mangalya, ' auspiciousness,' to mean ' always doing what is praised (by good men) and avoiding what is blamed by them.' Anayasa, 'quietism,' means, according to him, 'avoiding to undertake that which causes pain to oneself, even though it be a duty.'
2l6 GAUTAMA. IX, I.
Chapter IX.
1. Such (a man) shall bathe, after (having ful-
filled) the law (regarding studentship), take unto
him a wife, and, fulfilling the duties of a householder
which have been declared above, in addition obey
the following ordinances :
2. (He shall be) always pure (and) sweet-smelling (and) bathe frequently.
IX. I. Apastamba I, ii, 30, 1-4. Haradatta says that the ex- pression sa, ' such (a man),' refers to the king and to the Brahma;/a deeply versed in the Vedas, who have been described in the pre- ceding chapter. My MSS. insert between this and the following one another Sutra, which has been left out in Professor Stenzler's edition. It seems to me that it is absolutely required, and I there- fore insert it here, together with Haradatta's comment, according to my best copy, P.
Gautama : ' (And) a Snataka (i. e. a person who has completed his studentship, but has not yet taken a wife, shall act thus).' Hara- "datta : ' It must be understood that the word " and " has been left out. (The meaning is) : " And a Snataka shall obey the following ordinances." If this Sutra were not given, those ordinances would have to be obeyed after marriage only ; and if the preceding Sutra (i) had not been given, before marriage only, because the term Snataka is usually employed in that (sense) only. For this reason both (Sutras) have been given. Hence, though a man may not enter another order, he shall, after taking the bath (on completion of his studentship), obey these ordinances during his whole life. As here (Sutra i) the word sa, " such a man," is used, a Kshatriya and a Brahma?za only must necessarily obey the rules prescribed for a Snataka and perform a penance for breaking them ; and the penance for breaking the rules prescribed for a Snataka is fasting. This is (the object of the insertion of the word sa, "such (a man)." But, if a Vai^ya follows them, (his reward will be) prosperity ; if he breaks them, he need not perform a penance. With respect to this matter another Sm/'/ti says : " The penance which is prescribed for a breach of the Snataka laws, must be performed by a Kshatriya and a Brahmawa alone, never by (men of) the other (caste)." '
2. Manu IV, 35.
IX, 12. THE DUTIES OF A SNATAKA. 2 I 7
3. If he possesses wealth, he shall not be dressed in old or dirty clothes ;
4. Nor shall he wear dyed or sumptuous gar-
ments, nor such as have been worn (before) by
others,
5. Nor a garland and shoes (that have been worn by others).
6. (He may wear a cast-off garment) which has been washed, if he is unable (to afford a new one).
7. He shall not allow his beard to grow without a (sufficient) reason.
8. He shall not carry water and fire at the same time.
9. He shall not drink out of his joined hands.
10. He shall not sip water standing, nor (shall he sip) water drawn up (from a well),
11. Nor (water) that is offered by a ^'udra or
an impure man, or that has been taken up with
one hand.
12. Facinor or within sic^ht of wind, fire, Brah- ma/^as, the sun, water, (images of the) gods, and
3-4. Apastamba I, 11,30, 10-13. 5- Manu IV, 66.
6. According to Haradatta the same rule applies to garlands and shoes.
7. Manu IV, 35. 'The expression "his beard" includes by implication the nails and the rest As he says " without a suf- ficient reason," he shall allow his beard to grow during the preg- nancy of his wife and on other occasions. With respect to this matter they quote the following verse : " In the sixth year and in the sixteenth year, likewise in the year of his marriage and during the pregnancy of his wife, he shall avoid the use of a razor." ' — ■ Haradatta.
8. Apastamba II, 5, 12, 9. 9. Manu IV, 63.
10. Apastamba I, 5, 16, I.
11. Apastamba I, i, 4, 21 ; I, 5, 16, 3,
12. Apastamba I, 11, 30, 18-20,
2 1 8 GAUTAMA. IX, 13.
COWS he shall not eject urine or faeces or other impurities.
13. He shall not stretch out his feet towards those divine beings.
14. He shall not remove urine or faeces with leaves, clods of earth, or stones.
15. He shall not stand upon ashes, hair, nail
(parings), husks (of grain), pot-sherds, or impure
substances.
16. He shall not converse with barbarians, im- pure or wicked men.
17. If he has conversed (with such persons), he shall meditate on virtuous (men) ;
18. Or he may speak with a Brahma;^a.
19. He shall call (a cow that is) not a milch-cow, a cow that will become a milch-cow.
20. (An event) that is not lucky (he shall call) lucky.
21. (In speaking of) a skull (he shall use the word) bhagala instead of kapala,
22. (And in speaking of) a rainbow, ma;^idhanus
(the jewelled bow) instead of indradhanus (Indra's
bow).
13. Apastamba I, 11, 30, 22.
14. Apastamba I, 11, 30, 21. Haradatta remarks that some explain loshMa, ' a clod of earth,' by kapala, ' a pot-sherd.'
15. Apastamba II, 8, 20, 11. Kapala, 'pot-sherds,' may also mean 'skull-bones.'
16. Manu IV, 57. Haradatta says that only a conversation, properly so called, is forbidden, not to ask barbarians &c. about the road and similar matters.
18. Compare the analogous case, mentioned Apastamba I, 3,
19. Apastamba I, II, 31, H-12.
22. Apastamba I, 11, 31, 18.
Ix, 32. the Duties of a Snataka. 219
23. Let him not announce it to others, if a cow suckles (her calf),
24. Nor let him prevent her (from doing it).
25. After conjugal intercourse he shall at once clean himself.
26. Let him not recite the daily portion of the
Veda (lying) on that couch (on which he lies with
his wife).
27. And when he has studied during the third watch of the night, he shall not again retire to rest.
28. Let him not have intercourse with his wife when she is ill,
29. Nor during her courses ;
30. Nor let him embrace her (during that period),
31. Nor an unmarried female,
32. He shall avoid to blow the fire with his
mouth, to contend with words, to show himself
covered with perfumed ointments or wearing gar-
lands, to scratch himself with any impure (imple-
ment), to take his meals with his wife, to look at
(a woman) who is anointing herself, to enter (his
village) by a back-gate, to wash one foot with the
23. Apastamba 1, 11, 30, 10. Haradatta remarks that the pro- hibition does not extend to those cases where the Vedic ritual requires the fact to be pointed out. He is, of course, right in making this statement, as an express injunction of the iSruti always overrides the rules of the Smrzti.
24. Haradatta adds that this and the preceding Siitras include by implication the cases where a cow does damage in a field ; see Apastamba I, 11, 31, 9.
25. Apastamba II, i, i, 21-II, i, 2, i.
26. Apastamba I, 11, 32, 3. 27. Apastamba I, 11, 32, 15. 29-30. Manu IV, 40.
32. Apastamba I, 5, 15, 20; I, 11, 32, 5; Manu IV, 43; Apa- stamba I, II, 31, 23; Manu IV, 74; Apastamba I, 11, 32, 26; I, II, 32, 25.
220 GAUTAMA. IX, 33.
Other, to eat food deposited on a chair, to cross
a river swimming, to ascend trees and dangerous
(places), or to descend therefrom, and to imperil
his life (in any other manner).
33. Let him not ascend a ship (of) doubtful (solidity).
34. He shall protect himself by all (possible) means.
35. In the day-time he shall not wrap up his head while walking about ;
36. But at night he shall cover it,
'^y. And while voiding urine and faeces.
38. (Let him) not (ease nature) without (first) covering the ground (with grass or the like),
39. Nor close to his dwelling,
40. Nor on ashes, on cow-dung, In a ploughed
field, in the shade (of a tree), on a road, in beautiful
(spots).
41. Let him eject both urine and faeces, facing the north in the day-time,
42. And in the twilight,
43. But at night, facing the south.
44. Let him avoid to use a seat, clogs, a stick
for cleaning the teeth (and other implements) made
of Palai'a-wood.
45. With shoes on (his feet), he shall not eat, sit down, salute, or worship (the gods).
33. Apastamba I, 11, 31, 27.
35. Apastamba I, 11, 30, 14. Haradatta adds that he may wrap up his head while sitting dov,'n and in walking when the sun or rain annoys him.
A a
38. Apastamba I, 11, 30, 15. 39. Apastamba I, 11, 31, 2.
