2. By sipping (pure) water, that has been col- lected on the ground, he becomes pure.
3. Or he, whom a pure person causes to sip water, (becomes also pure.)
4. He shall not sip rain-drops.
3c. He shall address a woman in order to re-assure her, and do it in these terms : ' IMother, or sister, what can I do for you ? Don't be afraid ! ' &c. — Haradatta.
15. I. Taitt. Ar. II, i, 2 seq. ; Manu IV, 58.
2. Pure water is that which a cow will drink. Ya^fi. I, 192; Manu V, 128.
3. The ceremony of ' sipping water ' may be performed in two ways; either the 'person sipping' may take the water out of a river, pond, &c., or he may get the water poured into his hand by another person. But, according to Apastamba, he must not take a pot or gourd in his left hand and pour the water into his right, as some Smntis allow. The reason for this rule is, that Apa- stamba considers it essential that both hands should be used in conveying the water to the mouth; see also above, I, i, 4, 21. This agrees with the custom now followed, which is to bend the right hand into the form of a cow's ear, and to touch the right wrist with the left hand while drinking.
4. ' Some think, that this Sutra is intended to forbid also the drinking of rain-water. Other commentators declare that,
1,5,15- Purification. 55
5. (He shall not sip water) from a (natural) cleft ^ in the eround.
6. He shall not sip water heated (at the fire) except for a particular reason (as sickness). /
7. He who raises his empty hands (in order to
scare) birds, (becomes impure and) shall wash (his
hands).
8. If he can (find water to sip) he shall not remain impure (even) for a muhurta.
9. Nor (shall he remain) naked (for a muhurta if he can help it).
10. Purification (by sipping water) shall not take place whilst he is (standing) in the water.
11. Also, when he has crossed a river, he shall purify himself by sipping water.
12. He shall not place fuel on the fire, without having sprinkled it (with water).
13. (If he is seated in company with) other unclean
according to this Sutra, it is allowed to use for " sipping " drops of water which fall from a vessel suspended by ropes [because the Sutra emphatically excludes " rain-drops " only].' — Haradatta.
6. Manu II, 61. 'Because the term '-heated by fire" is used, there is no objection to water heated by the rays of the sun. In the same manner the use of " hot " water only is usually forbidden in the Smr/tis.' — Haradatta.
7. ' Because the phrase "with empty hands" is used, he commits no fault if he raises his hand, holding a stick or a clod. Some declare, that the term " touching water" (rendered by " washing ") means " sipping water.'" — Haradatta.
11. The translation given above is based on the interpretation of Haradatta, who considers that Apastamba holds ' crossing a river ' to cause impurity. The natural and probably the right inter- pretation, however, is that rejected by Haradatta, ' But he shall sip water after having come out (of the river or tank).'
12. '"On the fire used for Vedic or Smarta sacrifices or for household purposes." . . . Some declare, that (the fuel need not be sprinkled with water) if used for the kitchen fire.' — Haradatta.
56 APASTAMBA. I, 5, 15.
persons on a seat consisting of a confused heap
of straw, and does not touch them, he may consider
himself pure.
14. (The same rule applies, if he is seated) on erass or wood fixed in the crround.
15. He shall put on a dress, (even if it is clean,) only after having sprinkled it with water.
16. If he has been touched by a dog, he shall bathe, with his clothes on ;
17. Or he becomes pure, after having washed
that part (of his body) and having touched it with
fire and again washed it, as well as his feet, and
having sipped water.
18. Unpurified, he shall not approach fire, (so near that he can feel the heat.)
19. Some declare, that (he shall not approach nearer) than the length of an arrow.
20. Nor shall he blow on fire with his breath.
21. Nor shall he place fire under his bedstead.
22. It is lawful for a Brahma;^a to dwell in a
14. Haradatta's commentary is of little use, and I am not quite certain that my translation is correct.
15. Manu V, 118.
17. This second proceeding is adopted in case the dog has- touched the hands or the lower parts of the body, as may be learnt by the comparison of a verse of Manu. ' 18. Manu IV, 142; Y%u. I, 155.
20. INIanu IV, 53. Haradalta mentions other explanations of this Sutra. Some say that the -S'rauta fire may be kindled by blowing, because that is ordained particularly in the Va^asaneyaka, but that the domestic fire is not to be treated so. Others again consider the rule absolute, and say, that a hollow reed or bellows must be used for kindling the fire, lest drops of saliva should fall upon it.
21. Manu IV, 54.
22. The last condition mentioned in the Sutra indicates, that
I, 5, l6. PURIFICATION. 57
village, where there is plenty of fuel and water,
(and) where he may perform the rites of purification
by himself.
23. When he has washed away the stains of urine
and faeces after voiding urine or faeces, the stains of
food (after dinner), the stains of the food eaten the
day before (from his vessels), and the stains of
semen, and has also washed his feet and afterwards
has sipped water, he becomes pure.
Pras-na I, PArALA 5, Khan DA IG.
1. He shall not drink water standing or bent forwards.
2. Sitting he shall sip water (for purification) thrice, the water penetrating to his heart.
3. He shall wipe his lips three times.
the place must have a river or tank, not wells only, as the purifi- cation by sipping water cannot be performed without help, with water from wells.
23. Manu V, 138.
16. I. Haradatta takes a/fam here to mean ' to drink water,' and thinks that it is forbidden to do this standing or in a bent position. Others refer the prohibition to ' sipping water for the sake of purification,' and translate, ' He shall not sip water standing or in a bent position (except in case of necessity),' i. e. if the bank of the river is so high that he cannot reach the water sitting down, and in this case he shall enter it up to his thighs or up to his navel.
2. Manu II, 60 and 62; V, 139; and Y%il. I, 20 and 27; Weber, Ind. Stud. X, 165. Haradatta observes, that the further particulars regarding purification by sipping water must be supplied from other SmWtis. The rule quoted by him is as follows : ' The performer should be sitting in a pure place, not on a seat, except when sipping water after dinner, and should sip thrice from his hand water which is free from bubbles and foam, and which he has attentively regarded, in such a quantity as would cover a INIasha- grain. The water sipped by a Brahman should reach his heart, that sipped by a Kshatriya the throat, and that sipped by a Vai^ya the palate. A i5"udra sips once as much as to wet his tongue.'
58 APASTAMBA. I, 5, 16.
4. Some (declare, that he shall do so) twice.
5. He shall then touch (his lips) once (with the three middle fingers),
6. Some (declare, that he shall do so) twice.
7. Having sprinkled water on his left hand with
his right, he shall touch both his feet, and his head
and (the following three) organs, the eyes, the nose,
and the ears.
8. Then he shall wash (his hands).
9. But if he is going to eat he shall, though pure,
twice sip water, twice wipe (his mouth), and once
touch (his lips).
10. He shall rub the gums and the inner part of
his lips (with his finger or with a piece of wood) and
then sip water.
11. He does not become impure by the hair (of
his moustaches) getting into his mouth, as long as
he does not touch them with his hand.
12. If (in talking), drops (of saliva) are perceived to fall from his mouth, then he shall sip water.
1 3. Some declare, that if (the saliva falls) on the ground, he need not sip water.
14. On touching during sleep or in sternutation
the effluvia of the nose or of the eyes, on touching
blood, hair, fire, kine, a Brahma;^a, or a woman, and
7. The eyes are to be touched with the thumb and the fourth finger, either at once, or one after the other, the nostrils with the thumb and the second finger, the ears with the thumb and the small finger.
9. Manu V, 138'.
11. Haradatta observes that this Sutra shows, that every other foreign substance brought with the food into the mouth, makes the food ' leavings ' and the eater impure. IManu V, 1 4 1 .
1 2. INIanu V, 1 4 1 declares sipping to be unnecessary in this case. 14. Manu V, 145.
I, 5, i6. PURIFICATION ; EATING. 59
after having walked on the high road, and after
having touched an unclean (thing or an impure man),
and after having put on his lower garment, he shall
either bathe or sip or merely touch water (until he
considers himself clean).
15. (Or he may touch) moist cowdung, wet herbs, or moist earth.
16. He shall not eat meat which has been cut with a sword (or knife) used for killing.
17. He shall not bite off with his teeth (pieces from) cakes (roots oe fruits).
18. He shall not eat in the house of a (relation
within six degrees) where a person has died, before
the ten days (of impurity) have elapsed.
19. (Nor shall he eat in a house) where a lying-in
woman has not (yet) come out (of the lying-in
chamber),
20. (Nor in a house) where a corpse lies.
21. Food touched by a (Brahma/^a or other high-
caste person) who is impure, becomes impure, but
not unfit for eating.
18. ' The term " ten days" is used in order to indicate the time of impurity generally. In some cases, as that of a Kshatriya, this lasts longer. In other cases, where the impurity lasts thirty-six hours only, (the abstention from dining in such houses is shorter.)' — Haradatta. Manu IV, 217.
19. A lying-in woman is impure, and must not be touched during the first ten days after her confinement. During this time, she exclusively occupies the Sutikagr/ha or lying-in chamber. Manu IV, 217.
20. Haradatta remarks that in the case of the death of a person who is not a relation, it is customary to place at the distance of ' one hundred bows ' a lamp and water-vessel, and to eat (beyond that distance).
21. ' Food which is simply impure, may be purified by putting it on the fire, sprinkling it with water, touching it with ashes or earth, and praising it.' — Haradatta.
60 APASTAMBA. I, 5, 16.
2 2. But what has been brought (be it touched or not) by an impure Lucira, must not be eaten,
23. Nor that food in which there is a hair,
24. Or any other unclean substance.
25. (Nor must that food be eaten) which has
been touched with an unclean substance (such as
garlic),
26. Nor that in which an insect living on impure substances is found,
27. Nor that in which excrements or limbs of a
mouse are found, nor that which has been touched
by the foot (even of a pure person),
28. Nor what has been (touched) with the hem of a garment,
29. Nor that which has been touched by a dog or an Apapatra,
2,0. Nor what has been brought in the hem
of a garment, (even though the garment may be)
clean,
22. Others say, that the food becomes unfit for eating, only, if in bringing it, the -Sudra has touched it. — Haradatta.
23. Manu IV, 207; Ya^il. I, 167. 'But this rule holds good only if the hair had been cooked with the food. If a hair falls into it at dinner, then it is to be purified by an addition of clarified butter, and may be eaten.' — Haradatta.
