31. 'The pupil is not to show the mentioned marks of respect to any of his own inferior Gurus, even if the person is the Guru, e. g. the maternal uncle, of his teacher.' — Haradatta.
1,2,7- Studentship. 2$
32. But he shall leave his place and his seat, (in order to show him honour.)
^;z,. Some say, that (he may address) a pupil of
his teacher by (pronouncing) his name, if he is also
one of his (the pupil's) own Gurus.
34. But towards such a person who is generally
revered for some other reason than being the teacher
(e.g. for his learning), the (student) should behave as
towards his teacher, though he be inferior in dignity
to the latter.
35. After having eaten in his (teacher's) presence,
he shall not give away the remainder of the food
without rising.
36. Nor shall he sip water (after having eaten in the presence of his teacher without rising).
2,7. (He shall rise) addressing him (with these words), ' What shall I do ? '
Pras-na I, Fatal A 2, KnAiVDA 7.
T. Or he may rise silently.
2. Nor shall he (in going away) move around his
teacher with his left hand turned towards him ; he
shall go away after having walked around him with
his rioht side turned towards him.
3. He shall not look at a naked woman.
33. ' But Apastamba's own opinion is that he ought not to address by name a (maternal uncle or other) Guru (who visits his teacher).' — Haradatta.
35. According to I, i, 3, 40 seq., a student shall give what he is unable to eat to a child, or to a slave. If he has eaten in the presence of his teacher, he shall not give the food away without rising for the purpose.
7. 3. Manu IV, 53; Y%n. I, 135.
26 APASTAMBA. I, 2, 7.
4. He shall not cut the (leaves or flowers) of herbs or trees, in order to smell at them.
5. He shall avoid (the use of) shoes, of an umbrella, a chariot, and the like (luxuries).
6. He shall not smile.
7. If he smiles, he shall smile covering (the mouth with his hand) ; thus says a Brahma^^a.
8. He shall not touch a woman with his face, in order to inhale the fragrance of her body.
9. Nor shall he desire her in his heart.
10. Nor shall he touch (a woman at all) without a particular reason.
11. A Brahma;^a declares, ' He shall be dusty, he shall have dirty teeth, and speak the truth.'
1 2. Those teachers, who instructed his teacher in
that science which he (the pupil) studies with him,
(are to be considered as) spiritual teachers (by the
pupil).
13. If (a teacher), before the eyes of his (pupil), embraces the feet of any other persons, he (the
4. Gopatha-brahma7?a I, 2, 2.
5. Manu II, 178.
10. Manu II, 179.
11. 'Though both (these first two precepts) have been given Sutra I, I, 2, 27, still they are repeated, in order to show that a 6"rauta penance for the breach of them, is enjoined by a revealed text.' — Haradatta.
12. The term vaw^ya, 'ancestor,' for the teacher's teacher is explained by the circumstance, that Hindus consider a ' school,' consisting of a succession of teachers and pupils, as a spiritual family, and call it a vidyavaw^a, vidyaparampara. Manu II, 205.
13. 'Another (commentator) says, " He, the pupil, must embrace their feet (at every meeting) from that time (when he first saw his teacher do it)." Because the word " but " is used in the Siatra, he must do so even after he has returned home (on completion of his studies).' — Haradatta.
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pupil) also must embrace their feet, (as long as he remains) in that (state of studentship).
14. If (a pupil) has more than one teacher, the
alms (collected by him) are at the disposal of him to
whom he is (just then) bound.
15. When (a student) has returned home (from
his teacher), he shall give (whatever he may obtain
by begging or otherwise) to his mother.
16. The mother shall give it to her husband;
1 7. (And) the husband to the (student's) teacher.
18. Or he may use it for religious ceremonies.
19. After having studied as many (branches of)
sacred learning as he can, he shall procure in a
righteous manner the fee for (the teaching of) the
Veda (to be given to his teacher), according to his
power.
20. But, if the teacher has fallen into distress, he may take (the fee) from an Ugra or from a ^'udra.
1 4. ' More than one teacher,' i. e. several, who have taught him the several Vedas. Each Brahman generally knowing one Veda only.
This passage shows, that the young Brahmans in olden time, just as now, went from one teacher to the other, learning from each what he knew. The rules, which seemingly enjoin a pupil to stay with one and the same teacher, refer only to the principle, that the pupil must stay with his teacher, until he has learnt the subject which he began with him.
18. ' Religious ceremonies, i. e. the wedding and the like. For them he may use it optionally. He, i. e. on failure of the teacher ; the father, on failure of the father ; the mother, on failure of all (the pupil) himself — Haradatta.
19. Manu II, 245 and 246; Ya^n. I, 51; Weber, Ind. Stud. X, 125.
20. ' The word Ugra denotes either the offspring of a Vaii'ya and of a 6'udra woman, or a twice-born man, who perpetrates dreadful deeds.' — Haradatta.
28 APASTAMBA. I, 2, 7.
2 1. But some declare, that it is lawful at any
time to take the money for the teacher from an
Ugra or from a •^'lidra.
22. And having paid (the fee), he shall not boast of having done so.
23. And he shall not remember what he may have done (for his teacher).
24. He shall avoid self-praise, blaming others, and the like.
25. If he is ordered (by his teacher to do some- thing), he shall do it at once.
26. On account of the incompetence of his teacher, (he may go) to another (and) study (there).
27. He shall behave towards his teacher's wife
as towards the teacher himself, but he shall not
embrace her feet, nor eat the residue of her food.
28. So also (shall he behave) towards him who teaches him at (the teacher's) command,
29. And also to a fellow-student who is superior (in learning and years).
30. He shall behave to his teacher's son (who is
24. Manu II, 179.
26. See above, I, i, i, 12, and note. Here also Haradatta states that the permission to leave the teacher is to be restricted to those who have not solemnly bound themselves to their teacher by allowing him to perform the ceremony of initiation.
27. Manu II, 208-212.
28. ' The use of the present " adhyapayati," shows that this rule holds good only for the time during which he is taught by such a man.' — Haradatta.
29. ' Because (an older fellow-student) is of use to him, accord- ing to the verse : One-fourth (of his learning) a pupil receives from his teacher, one-fourth he acquires by his own intelligence, one-fourth from his fellow-students, one-fourth he is taught by time.' — Haradatta.
30. JManu II, 207-209.
I, 2, 8. A STUDENT WHO HAS RETURNED HOME. 29
superior to himself in learning or years) as to his teacher, but not eat the residue of his food.
2,1. Though he may have returned home, the
behaviour towards his (teacher and the rest) which
is prescribed by the rule of conduct settled by the
agreement (of those who know the law), (must be
observed by him to the end),
PrA^NA I, PaTALA 2, KHAiVDA 8.
1. Just as by a student (actually living with his teacher).
2. He may wear garlands, anoint his face (with
sandal), oil his hair and moustaches, smear his eye-
lids (with coUyrium), and (his body) with oil, wear a
turban, a cloth round his loins, a coat, sandals, and
wooden shoes.
3. Within the sight of his (teacher or teacher's
relations) he shall do none of those (actions, as
putting on a garland), nor cause them to be done.
4. Nor (shall he wear garlands &c. whilst per- forming) acts for his pleasure,
5. As, for instance, cleaning his teeth, shampoo- ing, combing the hair, and the like.
6. And the teacher shall not speak of the goods of the (pupil) with the intention to obtain them.
8. I. Haradatta does not connect this Sutra with the preced- ing one. He explains it by itself : ' (We will now declare) how a student (who has left his teacher, but is not married) ought to behave.'
6. ' If the teacher comes to the house of his (former) pupil (who has become a householder), he shall, for instance, not say, " Oh, what a beautiful dish !" in such a manner, that his desire to obtain it becomes apparent.' — Haradatta.
30 APASTAMBA. I, 2, 8.
7. But some declare, that, if a pupil who has
bathed (after completing his studies) is called by his
teacher or has gone to see him, he shall not take off
that (garland or other ornaments) which he wears
according to the law at the time (of that ceremony).
8. He shall not sit on a seat higher (than that of his teacher),
9. Nor on a seat that has more legs (than that of his teacher),
10. Nor on a seat that stands more firmly fixed (on the ground than that of his teacher),
11. Nor shall he sit or lie on a couch or seat which is used (by his teacher).
12. If he is ordered (by his teacher), he shall on a journey ascend a carriage after him.
1 3. (At his teacher's command) he shall also enter
an assembly, ascend a roller (which his teacher drags
along), sit on a mat of fragrant grass or a couch of
straw (together with his teacher).
14. If not addressed by a Guru, he shall not
speak to him, except (in order to announce) good
news.
7. This opinion is contrary to Apastamba's view given in Siitras 2 and 3 above.
ID. 'When he gives to his teacher a wooden seat (with legs), he shall not sit on a cane-seat (without legs), for the latter touches the ground on all sides.' — Haradatta.
11. Manu II, 119.
12. This rule is an exception to I, 2, 7, 5. Manu II, 204.
13. 'The roller is an implement used by husbandmen, with which the ploughed land is made even. If one person ascends it and another drags it along, the ground becomes even. If that is dragged by the teacher, the pupil shall ascend it at his command. He shall not disobey from fear of the unseemliness of the action.' — Haradatta.
1,2,8. a Student Who Has Returned Home. 3t
15. He shall avoid to touch a Guru (with his
finger), to whisper (into his ear), to laugh (into his
face), to call out to him, to pronounce his name or to
give him orders and the like (acts).
16. In time of need he may attract attention (by any of these acts).
17. If (a pupil) resides (in the same village) with
(his teacher after the completion of his studies), he
shall go to see him every morning and evening,
without beino- called.
iS. And if he returns from a journey, he shall (go to) see him on the same day.
19. If his teacher and his teacher's teacher meet,
he shall embrace the feet of his teacher's teacher,
and then show his desire to do the same to his
teacher.
20. The other (the teacher) shall (then) forbid it.
21. And (other marks of) respect (due to the
teacher) are omitted in the presence of the (teacher's
teacher).
22. And (if he does not live in the same village),
he shall go frequently to his teacher's residence, in
order to see him, and bring him some (present), with
his own hand, be it even only a stick for cleaning
the teeth. Thus (the duties of a student have been
explained).
23. He shall not approach empty-handed his
mother, father, his teacher, the (sacred) fires, his
house, or a king, if he has not known him (before).
15. ManuII, 199; regarding the term Guru, see above, 1,2,6, 29.
17. This and the following Sutras refer to a person who has finished his studentship, while the preceding ones, from Sutra 8, apply to the time of studentship also.
32 APASTAMBA. 1,2,8.
24. (Now) the conduct of a teacher towards his pupil (will be explained).
25. Loving him like his own son, and full of
attention, he shall teach him the sacred science,
without hiding anything in the whole law.
26. And he shall not use him for his own pur-
poses to the detriment of his studies, except in times
of distress.
27. That pupil who, attending to two (teachers),
accuses his (principal and first) teacher of ignorance,
remains no (longer) a pupil.
