* See Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 8.
' As mentioned in Yt. XIX, 46 ; Bd. XVII, 5 (* when Yim was cut up by them the fire Fr6bak saves the glory of Yim from the hand of Dah^k ') and XXXI, 5. Regarding Yim see Bk, VIU, Chap. XIII, 6-8.
* What follows, as far as the end of § 7, appears to be quoted verbatim from the original Pahlavi text of the Nask.
" The demon Uda who tries to make people talk when they ought to be sUent (Bd. XXVIII, 19), and who seems to be identified
Chapter Xxi, 1-6. 213
Yim the splendid and rich in flocks — who was struck
down by you through violent assault — unauthor-
isedly desirous (varak*) and eager for the world,
produced want and destitution, distress and greed,
hunger and thirst, and the sanctifier* of Wrath the
wounding assailant, Want without pastures, Terror,
Destruction the secret-moving, Decay the decrepit ^,
and the seven arM-demons *.' 5. And this, too, that
* those who Xoc^for a son are made devoid of preg-
nancy by thee; evil-destined is the monster (^Ipist)
self-made, the uncompleted demon that it is impos-
sible to seek a remedy for, who does not extend (14
v^Xtd) from ^ziwself, that is, no lineage proceeds
from him. 6. And thou art a sheep that is a wide-
traveller, and keeps the dog away from mankind ;
thou fuist snatched away from us the bright radiance
of Yim the splendid and rich in flocks, who came
out on every evil contingency, at the approach of
(in PahL Vend. XVIII, 70) with the fiend who confesses her amours to Sr6sh, and is said (in Bd. XXXI, 6) to have been the mother of Dah^, there named Udaf or KM^ but more commonly called Va^&k (see Chap. X, 3 ; Dd. LXXH, 5, LXXVIII, a), whence possibly the matronymic Va^akdn (Mkh. LVII, 25, the Av. vadhaghana of Vend XIX, 6) of that monarch. The text here appears to allude to an amour with Yim.
* Av. vara; or it may be a miswriting of var^ak, ' astray' (Av. vareta).
* * Pahl. a/Bi^n-h6m6nd, 'ow holding ceremonies,' alluding to
Dah4k himself as the progeny of Aikikk.
' These five demons are Aeshm, Nfy^fs, Saham, S^, and Zarm&n in Pahlavi, who, with the exception of Saham, ' terror,' are described in Bd. XXVIII, 15-17, 23, 26.
^ The seven orrA-demons are the six mentioned in Bd. I, 27, XXVIII, 7-13, XXX, 29, vdiose Avesta names are Akem-mand, I/idra, Sauru, Nminghaithya, Tauru, and Zairiia (see Vend. X, 9, 10, XIX, 43), together with either Mithaokhta or Angramainyu himself (see Be). I, 24).
214 dInkaizd, book IX.
every winter, or scorched by extreme heat, so as to
act for the benefit of his placed 7* Thou art intel-
ligent, O B^varAsp* ! do thou even tell how this
opinion is so, that a bad ruler is a thing which is so
bad ; he who is a good ruler is our desire, we Tvtll
give the revenue of taxation (bAhar-i madam-
dedrflni^nlh) to him, and anything which is neces-
sary yj?r good government when he shall achieve tiJ
1 1. This, too, that when AzA Dahik was bound,
the report of the same proceeded thus through all
the regions, which are seven, that down-stricken is
Az'i Dah&k, but he who smote him is Fr6//An the
Asplkdn •, the exalted and mighty. 1 2. And in the
' K has onlj *who came out at every place to act for ils benefit/
^ ' With a myriad of horses/ a title of Dahdk.
' See Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 8, 9.
* Or, perhaps, * the reins/
* In Mount Dimivand (see Chap. XV, 2 n).
« Av. Athwydna, a patronymic derived from Athwya who,
Chapter Xxi, 7-15. 215
tenth winter those particulars were believed, and
thus they spoke, that it was owing to* Yim that
AzA Dah^k is now smitten by them, because the
tidings which are good arc not yet gathered unto all
the regions, which are seven, and those which are
evil do not mention Azy nor demand the virtuous
maiden (>&ar&tik) with importunity, nor even coveted
wealth*. 13. This, too, that, when information
came to him of women, or property, that seemed to
him desirable to possess, they were then admitted by
him into a golden cage ^, and that, which was comr
pletely impregnable (alrl^tO), came on through im^
material space (maln6g-dlvfiklh) to the den
(gr6stak6) oi AzA Dah&k.
14. This, too, that, though* he who smote him
were his brother, or descendant, or kinsman, or any
one whatever of his nearest relations, it did not seem
to them as that which is grievous, and it was not
thought ^in their minds, so that it did not occasion
them even a reminiscence again ; and thus they
talked, that if a householder be he that smote, he is
one for whom all the fires of the religion are suit-
able, but that householder being a monarch, he that
smote is one who is every way their rulen 1 5. This,
according to Yas. IX, 7, was the father of Thra^taona (Fr6^(in); but Bd. XXXI, 4, 7, S, X^XU, i n, make it a family name for many preceding generations.
* Or min may mean ^ apart Ixova^
^ Demands often made by Dahdk, as stated in § 13.
' Pahl. s^lak-homand, ^something having apertures ;' compare the sQldk-hdmand which translates Av. sufrSm and suwraya in Vend. II, 7, 18, 30, and has sometimes been understood as a ' signet-ring/ Also compare § 19 below.
^ Assuming that m&n, * who,' stands for amat, as in Chap* XIII, a.
2 1 6 DiNKAlU), BOOK IX.
too, that at every place where he came on, and upon
which his horse s hoofs (saf6) fell, the dense fire
from them was for the protection of the horse's
body, 1 6. This, too, that through his confused
{gUmiz^Xib) practising ^good deeds arose ^v^n the
evil deeds of AzA Dahik.
17. About those of the M4zendar&n* country
having consulted, after the smiting of Dahik, as to
turning (gi^tan 6) to Khvanlras*, and driving out
YrtdiXn therefrom, and as to the residence offered
by the same place through the great number fallen ;
also, on account of their tallness, there are parts of
the wide-formed ocean* that come up to their mid-
thigh, there are others that are up to the navel, and
the deeper places are up to the mouth. 18. And,
when they have come to this region, their producing
grievous harm and destruction to the poor*, and
the coming of the people with complaints to Frfeflfun,
and their speaking thus : * Why didst thou smite
AzA Dahik, who was a good ruler as to preroga-
tive, so that danger was kept away by him, and an
inquisitor (vi^6y!i/ir) from him protected this
region from those of the Mizendarin country?'
19. And they also said this, about the vileness of the
Mizendarins, and the wretched state of the people
of this region as regards them, that is, they then
speak thus : * Since their habits are thus, since they
» See Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 9.
' See Bk. VIII, Chap. VIII, 2. M4zendaiin was considered to be outside of Khvantras because it is separated from Ir&n bj lofty mountains.
■ The Caspian is probably meant here, being considered a por- tion of the circumambient ocean.
* K omits * to the poor.'
Chapter Xxi, 16-22. 217
20. About the encountering of Fr6^(in with those
of the M&zendarin country on the plain of PdrfL-
nlgas*, and disputing with them thus : * You are of
the MAzendar country, and I (anmanS) have de-
stroyed AzA Dahdk by the swiftest ruin, him who
was a grievous sovereign of every one, demons and
men; for that smiting of him I am produced by
Aiihamia^// more overpowering than his limbs made
paralyzed by his own enmity, and then you destroy
this country of mine, you who are of the MAzendar
country/
21. And the Mdzendarins thought slightingly
(sapfikb) of Frfi^/On, and spoke in a tone of derision
thus : * Should it be so, that thou destroyedst AzA
Dahik by the swiftest ruin, him who was a good
sovereign of both demons and men, and thou art
produced by Aftharma?^, for that smiting of him,
more overpowering than his limbs, even then we
will settle in this place and will stay in this place ;
and it is not thou that art exalted, who art an over-
grown (kabed-dr6yijn6) huge sheep with the
speech of a hero among other people, and we would
not admit thee here/
22. This, too, that * nevertheless they afterwards fled, and the victorious Fr^^Qn pursued them to the
^ Burrows, caves, and similar underground habitations are pro- bably meant.
* See Chap. XVI, 17.
2l8 DiNKAlO), BOOK. IX.
foremost upland, and his nostrils flamed upon it so
that they split it through ; from his right nostril is
the cutting and sharp scorching of the ice that has
fallen and of all the cold of winter ; and from his
left nostril is the cutting and sharp scorching of the
rock that has fallen, which is similarly burning to
a fire the size of a house, carrying the dust from the
feet of the male ox, Barmfiyftn ^, of the obstructed
victor, the mighty Fr6^6n. 23. And he made it
rush up on the ascent, whereby they are made
figures of stone, and they who are of the Mizendar
country are destroyed by him through the smiting
of fifties, the smiting of hundreds, the smiting of
thousands *, the smiting of myriads, and the smiting
of multitudes innumerable ^'
* This appears to have also been the name of a brother of Frfiiftn (see Bd. XXXI, 8).
' B omits ' the smiting of thousands/
' Compare Yt. V, 54, 58, 117; Pahl. Vend. VII, 137, 139.
* Literally ' we/
■ K has * the two/
® These first two names are only in K, because B repeats here a previous phrase by mistake. The second name is written Sdnsniy6j here, but is spelt correctly on its next occurrence,
' These two sons of S/dnsndy6f were the spiritual chiefs, or
CHAPTER XXI, i3-XXII, I. 219
■■I.Iim.Ii I. I Ii I I-
dered (tag-Id 6) in search of wisdom and have pro*
ceeded unto Frash6,$tar^ of the Hv6bas^*
25. Perfect excellence is righteousness*
Chapter XXII.
I, The twenty-first fargar^, Vahi^tdi^ti^is about
where the best prayers * of the good religion are :
unto Mitr6* once every night for dismissing and
lessening Wrath tn the whole world, and a second
timeyiTr doing' so with Lethargy ; a third unto Sr6sh •
the righteous, and the fourth is the Dihm&n AMn''
for further gifts and increasing gifts; and the most
* Av. Hv6va, the family name of Frashdxtar, GAmisp, and several other ancient personages (see Bk. VIII, Chap. XXIX, 25).
» The appellation of the fifth Gatha (Yas. LIII) which begins with the words vahijtd tstis; it is here written vahift6k-if t5 in Pahlavi*
* The Pahlavi explanation of Av. vahiftd tstis, » See Bk. VIII, Chap. XLIV, 16.
* See Bk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3.
■^ * The blessing of members of the community.' The DahmSn Afrtnagdn consists of Yas. LX, 2-7 with Af. I, 14-18; but the ^frin is another formula, otherwise called * the -4fr!n of the seven Amesh&spends,' and it is uncertain which of the two is meant here.
220 dInKAIU), book IX.
preservative of them was the D4hm&n Afrin. 2. And
this, too, that the most admirable of shapes of
women was Hfkm&l ^ of the noble family of VLrtAsp,
of horses the splendid horse of Vi-rtAsp, of oxen the
male ox Barmfiyfin*, of sheep the very much cele-
brated^ sheep that is fat, white-jawed, and star-
spotted, wt/A its upper half in a manufacture (pa-
^akhtakS) embroidered with gold and the topmost
part yellow ; arfd yet not one of them attains an
equality to even a single thousandth pari of the
glory of a righteous man, a member of the commu-
nity, by whom the D&hmdn ^fHn of the good is
uttered. 3. And this, too, as much as its goodness
for the man and his wife is its evil for a villain and
his paramour *.
4. About the exercise of sovereignty by Kal-Os*,
with triumph, over the earth of seven regions; the
advancement of his commands, by the people of the
creation®, more swiftly than a wave of the hands ;
the construction of his seven dwellings (min)' in
the midst of Albtir'-sr «, one of gold, two of silver, two
• Av. (gen.) Humayau of Yt. XIU, 139. " See Chap. XXI, 22.
• Reading frah-dkhtar (for fr6h-6khttar), as Bd. XXIV, 3 states that 'the black sheep which is fat and white-jawed is the chief
