^ In its seventh book which contains a ftill account of the birth and much of the life of Zaratfijt, with a narrative of future events, all derived, no doubt, from the Spend Nask. Particulars connected with his birth will also be found in Bk. IX, Chap. XXIV.
" See Byt. II, 5-9.
Chapter Xiv, 4~I2. 33
sin ; the ATlnva^ bridged at which is the account as
to good works and sin ; and the future existence, in
which is the consummation of every one, righteous
and wickedi and the preservation of all good crea-
tions from every evil occurs.
9. Information also as to many other things which
are marvellous, and as to b, summary of the state-
ments of these seven enquiries, which is derived
from knowledge of every kind. lo. Likewise, about
the communication of Zaratil^t's knowledge of the
MasflSai-worshipping religion to the world, his attract-
ing mankind to the religion, and the ages, after
Zaratilrt, until, the renovation of the universe, ii.
And about the nature of the advancement of the
people of the period, the separation of centuries and
millenniums, and the signs, wonders, and perplexity
which are manifested in the world at the end of each
millennium in the world.
12. Also as to the birth and arrival of Afish^t/ar*,
son of ZaratArt, at the end of the first millennium ^
and a report of him and his time, and of the many
destroyers of the organizers of the period between
ZaratCUt's millennium and the coming of Aflshe//ar*.
* Av. iinvatd peretu j, the route to the other world (see Bk. IX, Chap. XX, 3).
* Commonly written H(ish6</ar, but iMs a corruption of Av. Ukhshya^-ereta. He is the first of the three posthumous sons of Zaratilft, who were expected to restore his religion and make it triumphant by three successive efforts, each preceded by a period of anarchy (see Bd. XXXII, 8, 9, Byt. Ill, 13, 43-50).
' The millennium of ZaratCLrt, which, according to the chro- nology of the Bundahij, must have ended during the period A.D. 593-635 (see Byt III, 1 1 n).
^ The occurrence of such an interval between the first millennium and the coming of Aiishfi^ar seems inconsistent with the previous
34 DtNKAlU), BOOK VIIL
16. Perfect is the excellence ^righteousness.
Chapter XV^
I. The Bakin-ya»9t^ contains particulars, first,
about the worship of AAharma^^, the highest of
divinities (bakin), and, secondly, ^the worship of
the angels of other invisible and visible worldly
existences, out of whom are likewise the names of
statement as to his arrival at the end of that millennium, but, from Byt. Ill, 44, it appears probable that he was expected to come in the 600th year of the next millennium (a.d. i 193-1235).
^ Commonly written H{ish6//ar-mih, but it is a corruption of
Av. Ukhshya^f-nemangh. He is the second of the expected
posthumous sons (see Byt. Ill, 52, 53).
' Av. SaoshySis; the last of the posthumous sons, who is expected to complete the triumph of the religion, and prepare for the renovation of the universe (see Bd. XXX, 4, 7, 25, 27, Byt. Ill, 62).
' Corresponding to the fourteenth word, mazdii, in the Ahun- avair, according to B. P. Riv. ; but it is the fifteenth Nask in other Rivayats. Bakdn-yajt means ^worship of the divinities,' and is written Baghan-yajt, or Baydn-)rajt, in the Rivayats, which also state that it contained seventeen kardah, or subdivisions.
Chapter Xiv, I3-Xvi, 2. 35
the days ^ ; also their glory, power, triumph, and
marvellousness. 2. Besides, also, many angels who
are invoked by name in their worship, and the atten-
tion and obeisance dtte to them.
3. The worthiness and dispensation of favour for
worshippers, and the duty of their many separate
recitations unto the angels. 4. The duty of un-
limited acquaintance with knowledge about the pos-
sessions and arrangements of the period, over which
the creator Aftharma^^ has appointed them, and
they remain to cause industry.
5. Perfect is the excellence of righteousness.
Chapter XVI.
I. The beginning of the law is the Nlki^Am ^ of
thirty fargar^s^ 2. The section Patkdr-ra^istAn
(* magistrate code ') * is about this, that the ruin and
misery (ay6yaklh) from the destroyer, for mankind
and animals, occurring really apart from the spiritual
existence, have arisen through the sinfulness even of
^ Each of the days of the Parsi month being named after some particular angel, or spirit. From this description it appears probable that the YaJts formed a part of this Nask ; but, if so, it ought to have contained at least thirty chapters.
* Corresponding to the fifteenth word, khshathrem/&£, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv. ; but it is the sixteenth Nask in other Riv&yats. This name should probably be Vik-aft-tftm, meaning * the most separate concerns,' as the Nask refers chiefly to public law; but it is called NiySram, or NiyddSm, in the Rivdyats.
' The Riv^yats say fifty-four kardah, which number may have been obtained by adding the * twenty-four particulars,' mentioned in Chap. XX, i, to the thirty fargar^s stated here.
* The patkdr-ra^, or settler of disputes, appears to have held a position somewhere between an arbitrator and a judge, and which may be approximately defined as that of a magistrate.
36 DiNKAiU), BOOK VIII.
mankind; and the progress of ruin and misery in
the world is owing to unauthorisedly assaulting one
another. 3. Advice to mankind about abstaining
therefrom, with an estimate of an authorised assault,
and^ again, for a slight assault and no assault. 4.
To stand magisterially, even opposed to the un-
magisterial, with freedom from hurt and loss to one-
self; and to abstain altogether, likewise, from the
most innocuous (anakhrftgCindtfim) assault even
upon an unmagisterial person.
5. In all magisterial investigation (patkir-ra^!h)
— of which, when the custom that exists is estab-
lished judicially, the substance is two statements,
which are verbal and demonstrable, that subsist in
different combinations — there are four species : the
verbal and demonstrable, the verbal which is not
demonstrable, the demonstrable which is not verbal,
and that which is neither verbal nor yet demon-
strable. 6. In the arguments (sdmin) which are
allotted as verbal are four species, the dispute
having different arguments and different assertions
which are for unmagisterial investigation, for one's
own priestly authority (ra^o), for another good man
— three of such being requisite^ — and also for other
evidence^. 7. And in those which are allotted as
demonstrable are six species, and for an unmagis-
terial/^rj^« the assertions, like the previous species
which are on the same subject, are twelve ^ 8. Of
^ Evidently referring to arbitrators with an umpire.
^ Reading han6g6kdyJh, but ha no is an unusual form. Per- haps agdkdyih, 'want of evidence,' would be more suitable to the context.
' So the MS., but * four ' would suit the context better, and the two Pahlavi ciphers do not differ much in shape.
Chapter Xvi, 3-1 1. 37
all unmagisterial proceedings — which, though it be
a custom, is to proceed unauthorisedly — the species
are five\ which consist in having demonstrated,
getting upon, striking ^ having caused a wound, and
having slain.
9. Of those subject to the magistrate (patkdr-
rafl^o-h6m6nd) the twelve species are divided into
four sections of three each. 10. One section are
the hearing who are seeing, they to whom a dispute
which is verbal [is demonstrable ; the hearing who
are not seeing, they to whom a dispute which is
verbal ^] is not demonstrable ; and the seeing who
are not hearing, they to whom even a dispute which
is demonstrable is not verbal. 11. And with these
three, who are in one section, there is magisterial
investigation ; and the magistrate, unless (bard
hat) * risk for the body be certain, is then irresistible ;
which is as though it be said that to restrain by
' These five grades of unauthorised retribution are analogous to the five grades of personal outrage mentioned in Vend. IV, 17.
* The words in brackets are omitted by mistake in the MS.
* The ambiguity, mentioned in the latter clause of this section, appears to lie in these words, which mean either 'but if* or 'only if/ Such ambiguity must have existed in the original Pahlavi text of the Nask, and probably indicates that the earlier part of this section is a summary of the Pahlavi version of the original Avesta text, while the latter part is a summary of the Pahlavi commentary upon that version. As the same ambiguity occurs, without com- ment, in § 12, where the meaning seems tolerably certain, it is doubtful if the commentator's opinion can be adopted.
38 DiNKAJW), BOOK VIII,
wounding (r6sh) is not justifiable, but the decision
therein is this, that, when they do not change
through lawful litigation, and they cannot hold back
without wounding, it is justifiable to keep them back
even by wounding. 12. One section are the not
hearing who are also not seeing, the women, and
the children ; and with these three, who are in one
section, there is no magisterial investigation; and
the decision as to the bodies thereof is this, that,
unless risk for the body de certain from their com-
plete change, they are then to be completely changed
(bard var^i^no). 13. One section are the foreigner
and him worthy of death, certain of thereby pro-
ducing a sentence for being executed from the
judges ; also the highwayman, when he stays on the
highway and his destruction is proclaimed, but it is
not possible to effect it. 14. With these three, like-
wise, who are in one section, there is no magisterial
investigation, but the decision about them is even
this, that when one is utterly destroying their life,
one is thereby possessing merit. 15. One section
are they who are walking, or coming upon 07te^ un-
seasonably, or retreating confused into a rugged
place, andy when people ask them to speak, they are
giving no answer, and they are not suspicious as
foreigners. 1 6. With these three, Hkewise, who are
in one section, there is no magisterial investigation,
and the decision about them is this, that when one
kills them outright, one does not become sinful
thereby.
17. As to whatever is on the same subject it
introduces many opinions, and also this, that a
counter-assault (^t'i^-zatam)is that which becomes
a blow and wound, and is to be so committed when it
Chapter Xvi, 12-Xvii, 4. 39
is possible to produce them again exactly in every single particular.
Chapter XVII.
NtkdAUm Nask.
I. The second section is the Zatamistdn {^as-
sault code'), particulars about assault (z a tarn) and
the annoyances (v6sh!gin6) from assault, such as
pain, blood, and unconsciousness ; also the sin ^ that
a man may commit in a state of unconsciousness.
2. About the seven kinds of symptoms of uncon-
sciousness, and separate decisions about assaults
that adults may commit among those who are chil-
dren ; also as regards an assault which proceeds to
pain and blood, and as regards that in which the
duration of the disposition of wrath abates the pain
and blood.
3. About begging (khvahl^no) and beneficence
(hA-dahl^nS)*, such as those of which ofie says in
particular there are four species : when stinginess
(pft^lh) benefits pride (plk6), when pride benefits
stinginess, when stinginess benefits stinginess, and
when pride benefits pride ; and there are three other
species that originate from these la^t two, in consul-
tation together, when stinginess and pride benefit
stinginess and pride, when stinginess and pride
benefit stinginess, and when stinginess and pride
benefit pride, £i// which, together, constitute the seven
primary species ; many others, too, are traced back
to these. 4. Also about seeing the depravity (khang
* Involuntary violations of the ceremonial law.
* The terms used in this section are not quite certain.
40 DfNKAl?D, BOOK VIII.
dlflfan6) of a perverting member of the community
(k astir d&hm) and of the perverter of a member
of the community, and whatever is on the same
subject.
5. About a weapon seizable, and a weapon one
brings, there is this, namely, what is the thing which
is imperfect (anas/6rlk) as a weapon, what is that
which is not, and what is that which is welcome as a
weapon ; what is that which, when any one forces it
back at any one as a weapon, is itself something
annoying to him ; what is his natural annoyance and
what his imparted ; and the penalty in property and
difference of sentence on a man who is carrying a
weapon, due to any weapon he has to carry away.
6. About the six modes of engaging in conflict :
through assault, tumult (khva^i^no)^ false teach-
ing (mlt6k-s&st6)^, giving no food (atapdd^o) ^
speaking with wizard's spells*, and speaking with
threats of danger " ; and, where there is an engaging
^ Pers. *h2Ls\s. Farh. Otm, p. 34, 11. 6-8, has * Av. v&iti=-Pa^/. khvaxijnois that when one nins behind any one for offensiveness.'
