1. And as he (Aharman) came thirdly to the earth, which arrayéd the whole earth against him—
Noshirvan, Afharmazd IV, and Khusr6é Parviz; but since the early part of the seventh century the Tigris has practically been their extreme western limit; hence the change of the old Arag or Arang into the very similarly written Arvand, a name of the
Tigris. 1 See Bund. XX, 9. 2 Bund. XX, 2, 7. > Bund. VII, 14. * Bund. XXII, 2.
> Written Gfsasp in Bund. XVII, 7, and Gisnasp in B. Yt. III, 30, 40, while the older form Visnasp occurs in B. Yt. II, ro.
® The Sévbar of Bund. VII, 14, XII, 24, XXII, 3.
7 Bund. XVII, 8.
174 APPENDIX TO THE BUNDAHIS.
since ¢here was an animation of the earth through
the shattering— Albfirz grew up?, which is the
boundary of the earth, avzd the other? mountains,
which are amid the circuit of the earth, come up
2244 in number®, 2. And by them the earth was
bound together and arranged, and on them was the
sprouting azd growth of plants, wherefrom was the
nourishment of cattle, and therefrom was the great
advantage of assistance to men.
3. Even so it is declared that before the coming
of the destroyer to the creatures, for a thousand
years the substance of mountains was created in the
earth—especially as antagonism came on the earth,
and settled on 7¢ with injury—and it came up over
the earth just like a tree whose branch has grown at
the top and its root at the bottom. 4. The root of
the mountains is passed on /vom one to the other,
and is arranged in connection weth them, and through
it is produced the path and passage of water from
below to above, so that the water may flow in it in
such manner as blood in the veins, from all Aarts of
the body to the heart, the latent vigour which they
possess. 5. And, moreover, in six hundred years‘,
at first, all the mountains apart from Albdirz were
completed. 6. Albirz was growing during eight
hundred years*; in two hundred years it grew up to
* Bund. VIII, 1-4 is paraphrased in §§ 1-4.
* The MS. has 4vané, ‘waters,’ instead of avArik, ‘other,’ which alters the meaning into, ‘which is the boundary of the waters of the earth, avd the mountains,’ &c.
* Bund. XII, 2.
* Bund. VIII, 5, and XII, 1, have ‘eighteen years.’ As both numbers are written in ciphers it would be easy for either to be corrupted into the other,
® Bund, XII, 1,
Selections of Zad-Sparam, Vii, 2-12. 175
hh se SSS
the star station, in two hundred years up to the
moon station, two hundred years up to the sun
Station, avd two hundred years up to the sky. 7.
After Albirz the Aparsén mountain? is the greatest,
as it is also called the Avar-réyisn? (‘up-growth’)
mountain, whose beginning is in Sagastan and its
end unto Pars and to Ainistan®.
8. This, too, is declared, that after the great rain
in the beginning of the creation‘, ad the wind’s
sweeping away the water to the ocean, the earth is
in seven portions ® a little above ¢/, as the compact
earth, after the rain, is torn up by the noise and
wind zz various places. 9. One portion, moreover,
as much as one-half the whole earth, is in the middle,
and in each of the six portions around is as much as
Sagastan; moreover, as much as Sagastdn is the
measure of what is called a késhvar (‘region’) for
the reason that one was defined from the other by a
késh (‘furrow’). 1o. The middle oxe is Khvaniras,
of which Pars is the centre, and those six regions
are like a coronet (avisar) avound zt. 11. One part
of the wide-formed ocean wound around it, among
those six regions; the sea and forest seized upon
the south side, avd a lofty mountain grew up on the
north, so that they might become separate, one from
the other, avd imperceptible.
12. This is the third contest, about the earth.
1 The Aparsén of Bund. XII, 9.
2 Written Apfi-réyisn, as if it were an Arabic hybrid meaning ‘father of growth,’
§ Bund. XII, 9, XXIV, 28, have Khiigistén instead of Ainistan ; the latter appears to be an old name of the territory of Samarkand (see note to Bund. XII, 13).
* Literally, ‘ creature.’
5 Bund. XI, 2-4 is paraphrased in $§ 8-11.
176 APPENDIX TO THE BUNDAHIS.
CuaptTer VIII.
1, As he (Aharman) came fourthly to the plants—
which have struggled (kdkhshi-aitd) against him
with the whole vegetation—because the vegetation
was quite dry!, Amerédad, by whom the essence of
the world’s vegetation * was seized upon, pounded it
up small, and mixed z¢ up with the rain-water of
Tistar. 2. After the rain the whole earth is discerned
sprouting, and ten thousand ® special species and a
hundred thousand‘ additional species (levatman
sardak6) so grew as if there were a species of every
kind; and those ten thousand species are provided
for ® keeping away the ten thousand * diseases.
3. Afterwards, the seed was taken up from those
hundred thousand species of plants, azd from the
‘collection of seed the tree of all germs, amid the
wide-formed ocean, was produced, from which all
species of plants continually grow. 4. And the
griffon bird (séndé miridivd) has his resting-place
upon it; when he wanders forth /vom within it, he
scatters the dry seed into the water, avd it is rained
back to the earth with the rain.
5. And in its vicinity the tree was produced which zs the white Hém, the counteractor of decrepitude,
' This chapter is a paraphrase of Bund. IX,
* Or, perhaps, ‘the worldly characteristics of vegetation.’
* Written like ‘one thousand,’ but see the context and Bund. IX, 4.
* In Bund. IX, 4, the MSS. have ‘120,000,’ which is probably wrong, as Bund. XXVII, 2, agrees with the text above.
° The MS. has bara instead of pavan, a blunder due probably to some copyist reading the Huzvaris in Persian, in which language bih (= bara) and bah (= pavan) are written alike. In Pazand they are usually written be and pa, respectively,
Selections of Zad-Sparam, Viii, I~ Ix, 2. 177
the reviver of the dead, avd the immortalizer of the
living.
6. This was the fourth contest, about the plants.
CHAPTER IX.
1. As he (Aharman) came fifthly to catthe—which
struggled against him with all the animals—and
likewise as the primeval ox! passed away, from the
nature of the vegetable principle it possessed, fifty-
five*® species of grain and twelve species of medi-
cinal plants grew from 7z¢s various members; axd
forasmuch as they should see from which member
each one froceeds, it is declared in the Damdad
Nask*, 2. And every plant grown from a member
1 See Chaps. II, 6, III, 1, and Bund. IV, 1, X, 1, XIV, 1.
® The MS. has ‘ fifty-seven’ in ciphers, but Bund. X, 1, XIV, 1, XXVII, 2, have ‘ fifty-five’ in words.
* This was the fourth nask or ‘book’ of the complete Mazda- yasnian literature, according to the Dinkard, which gives a very short and superficial account of its contents. But, according to the Dini-vagarkard and the Rivayats of Kémah Bahrah, Nariman Héshang, and Barzft Qiyému-d-din, it was the fifth nask, and was called Dvazdah-hamfst (or homast). For its contents, as given by the Dini-vagarkard, see Haug’s Essays, p. 127. ‘The Rivayat of Kamah Bahrah, which has a few more words than the other Rivayats, gives the following account (for the Persian text of which, see ‘Fragmens relatifs & la religion de Zoroastre,’ par Olshausen et Jules Mohl) :—
‘Of the fifth the name is Dvdzdah-homast, and the interpreta- tion of this is “the book about help” (dar imd4d, but this is probably a corruption of ddmdad). And this book has thirty-two sections (kardah) that the divine and omnipotent creator sent down, in remembrance of the beginning of the creatures of the superior world and inferior world, and 7 zs a description of the whole of them and of that which God, the most holy and omnipo- tent, mentioned about the sky, earth, and water, vegetation and
178 APPENDIX TO THE BUNDAHIS.
promotes that member, as it is said that there where
the ox scattered z¢s marrow! on to the earth, grain
afterwards grew up, corn? and sesame, vetches ?* and
peas; so sesame, on account of‘ 74s marrow quality,
is itself a great thing for developing marrow. 3.
And it is also said that from the blood is the vine’,
a great vegetable thing—as wine itself is blood—
for more befriending the sound quality of the blood.
4. And it is said that from the nose is the pulse
(mays or mdsah) which is called dénak, and was a
variety of sesame (sama ga)®, and z¢7s for other noses.
fire, man and quadrupeds, grazing and flying anzma/s, and what he produced for their advantage and use, and the like. Secondly, the resurrection and heavenly path, the gathering and dispersion, and the nature of the circumstances of the resurrection, aS regards the virtuous and evil-doers, through the weight of every action they perform for good and evil.’
This description corresponds very closely with what the Bun- dahis must have been, before the addition of the genealogical and chronological chapters at the end; and ZAd-sparam mentions in his text here, and again in § 16, particulars regarding the Damdad which also occur in the Bundahis (XIV, 2, 14-18, 21-24). There can be very little doubt, therefore, that the Bundahis was originally a translation of the Damdad, though probably abridged; and the text translated in this volume is certainly a further abridgment of the original Bundahis, or Zand-Akas. Whether the Avesta text of the Damdad was still in existence in the time of ZAd-sparam is uncertain, as he would apply the name to the Pahlavi text. At the present time it is very unusual for a copyist to write the Pahlavi text without its Avesta, when the latter exists, but this may not always have been the case.
? Or ‘brains.’
* Supposing the MS. galdlag is a corruption of gallak (Pers. ghallah).
* Assuming the MS. aliné or arvan6d to be a corruption of alfim or argand.
* Reading rai instead of 14. ® Compare Bund. XIV, 2.
° Either this sentence is very corrupt in the MS. or it cannot be
Selections of Zad-Sparam, Ix, 3—Io. 179
— A SSS Sse eh hese
5. And it is also said that from the lungs are the rue-
like herbs? whzch heal, and are for the lung-disease
of cattle. 6. This, rooted amid the heart, is thyme,
from which is Vohiman’s thorough withstanding of
the stench of Akéman?, and 2¢ zs for that which
proceeds from the sick and yawners.
7. Afterwards, the brilliance of the seed, seized
upon, by strength, from the seed which was the ox’s,
they would carry of from it, avd the brilliance was
intrusted to the angel of the moon’; in a place
therein that seed was thoroughly purified by the
light of the moon, and was restored in its many
qualities, and made fully infused with life (¢ganvar-
hémand). 8. Forth from there it produced for
Airan-vég, first, two oxen, a pair, male and female ¢,
and, afterwards, other species, until the completion
of the 282 species®; and they were discernible as
far as two long leagues ox the earth. 9. Quadrupeds
walked forth on the land, fish swam in the water,
and birds flew zz the atmosphere; zz every two, at
the time good eating is enjoyed, a longing (av-
dah4n) arose therefrom, and pregnancy and birth.
10. Secondly, their subdivision is thus :—First,
they are divided into three, that is, quadrupeds
walking on the earth, fish swimming in the water,
reconciled with the corresponding clause of Bund. XIV, 2. Altering dénak and gfinak into gandanak, and samaga into samasdar, we might read, ‘from the nose is m&ys, which is called the leek, and the leek was an onion;’ but this is doubtful, and leaves the word m4ys unexplained.
1 The MS. has gdspend4né, ‘cattle,’ instead of sipandand, ‘rue herbs.’
2 See Bund. I, 24, 27, XXVIII, 7, XXX, 29. ‘
8 Bund. X, 2, XIV, 3. « Bund. X, 3, XIV, 4.
i Bund. A, 9, LV; 14 |
180 APPENDIX TO THE BUNDAHIS.
and birds flying in the atmosphere. 11. Then, into
five classes1, that is, the quadruped which is round-
hoofed, the double-hoofed, the five-clawed, the bird,
and the fish, whose dwellings are in five places, and
which are called aquatic, burrowing, oviparous, wide-
travelling, axd suitable for grazing. 12. The aquatic
are fish azd every beast of burden, cattle, wild
beast, dog, and bird which enters the water; the
burrowing are the marten (samfr) and musk am7-
mals, and all other dwellers and movers in holes;
the oviparous are birds of every kind; the wide-
travelling sprang away for help, and are also those
of a like kind; those suitable for grazing are what-
ever are kept grazing in a flock.
13. And, afterwards, they were divided into
genera, as the round-hoofed are one, which is all
called ‘horse ;’ the double-hoofed are many, as the
camel and ox, the sheep and goat, and others
double-hoofed; the five-clawed are the dog, hare,
musk animals, marten, avd others; then are the
birds, and then the fish. 14. And then they were
divided into species *, as eight species of horse, two
species of camel, ten* species of ox, five species of
sheep, five species of goat, ten of the dog, five of the
hare, eight of the marten, eight of the musk axzmads,
110 of the birds, and ten of the fish; some are
counted for the pigs, and with all those declared and
all those undeclared ¢here were, at first, 282 species 4;
and with the species within species ¢here were a
thousand varieties.
