* The country of Salm (see Chap. XV, 29), son of Frédfin (see Chap, XXXI, 9, 10). The name can also be read Dilm4n, which is the name of a place in the same neighbourhood.
* The Av. Daitya of Vend. XIX, 5, Afharmazd Yt. 21, Aban Yt. 112, Gds Yt. 29. The‘ good daitya of Airyana-vaég6’ is also
Chapter Xx, Io—I9. 79
a Ne en: eee
which comes out from Airan-vég, and goes out
through the hill-country'; of all rivers the noxious
creatures in it are most, as it says, that the Daitik
river is full of noxious creatures. 14. The Dargdm
river is in Side. 15. The Zend? river passes
through the mountains of Pangistan, axd flows away
to the Haro river. 16, The Haro ® river flows out
from the Aparsén range‘. 17. The Hétdmand®
river is in Sagastan, and its sources are from the
Aparsén range; this is distinct from that which
Frasiyav conducted away®. 18. The river Akhéshir
is in Kdmis?. 19. The Zismand® river, in the direc-
eS >
mentioned in Vend. I, 6, II, 42, 43, Aban Yt. 17, 104, Ram Yt. 2, but this may not be a river, though the phrase has, no doubt, led to locating the river Daitik in Airan-vég.
? Written Z6ndak in § 7. This can hardly be the Zendah river of Ispahan, but is probably the Tegend river, which flows past Meshhed into the Heri river.
3 This is the Heri, which flows past Herat.
* See Chap. XII, 9.
5 The Etymander of classical writers, now the Hélmand in Af- ghanistin. The Av. Haétumat of Vend. I, 50, XIX, 130, Zamyad Yt. 66, is the name of the country through which it flows.
® See § 34 and Chap. XXI, 6.
7 The district about Damaghan.
* Perhaps the Zarafsan.
So BUNDAILIIS.
tion of Soghd, flows away towards the Khvegand
river. 20. The Khvegand! river goes on through
the midst of Samarkand avd Pargdna, and they call
it also the river Ashard. 21. The Marv? river, a
glorious river in the east *, flows out from the Apar-
sén range. , 22. The Balkh river comes out fron
the Aparsén mountain of Bamikan‘, azd flows on to
the Véh® river. 23. The Spéd® river is in Ataré-
patakan; they say that Dahak begged a favour‘
here from Aharman and the demons. 24. The Tort®
river, which they call also the Koir, comes out from
’ This is evidently not the small affluent now called the Khugand, but the great Syr-darya or Iaxartes, which flows ‘through the pro- vinces of 'arghanah and Samarkand, past Kokand, Khugand, and Tashkand, into the Aral. The Paz. Ashard represents Pahl. Khshfrt, or Ashart (Iaxartes).
*? The Murghab.
* Or, ‘in Khiarasan.’
* Bamian, near which the river of Balkh has its source.
® Justi observes that it shouldbe ‘ the Arag river;’ but accord- ing to an Armenian writer of the seventh century the Persians called the Oxus the Véh river, and considered it to be in India, because Buddhists occupied the country on its banks (see Garrez in Journal Asiatique for 1869, pp. 161-198). It would seem, therefore, that the Oxus was sometimes (or in early times) con- sidered a part of the Arag (Araxes), and sometimes (or in later times) a part of the Véh (Indus).
* So in M6, but K2o has ‘ Spend,’ both here and in § 7. The name of this river corresponds with that of the Saféd Rad, although the position of that river agrees best with the account given of the Daitik in § 13.
* Compare Rim Yt. 19, 20. K2o0 has ‘ there,’ instead of ‘here.’
" Called Rad in § 7 (by the loss of the first letter of the original Pahlavi name); by its alternative name, Koir, Justi identifies it as the Kar in Georgia, flowing into the Caspian, or sea of Vergén, the Av. Vehrkana (Hyrcania) of Vend. I, 42, which is Gargdén in Pahlavi.
Chapter Xx, 20-30. Si
the sea of Giklan', axd flows to the sea of Vergan *.
25. The Zahavayi®* is the river which comes out
from Ataré-patakan, avd flows to the sea in Pars.
26. The sources of the Khvaraé* river are from
Spahan°; it passes on through Khiigistan, flows forth
to the Diglat® river, and in Spahan they call it the
Mesrkan‘ river. 27. The Harhaz® river is in Tapa-
ristan, and its sources are from Mount Dimdavand.
28. The Teremet’ river flows away to the Véh river.
29. The Vendeses" river is in ¢hat part of Pars
which they call Sagastan. 30. The Kasak?' river
comes out through a ravine (kaf) in the province of
Tits '*, and they call it there the Kasp river; more-
' M6 has P&z. Keydseh, but this is in Sagastén (see Chap. XILI, 16).
* The MSS. have Verga, but the final nasal after 4 is often omitted in Pazand readings in the Bundahis.
* Not mentioned in § 7. Possibly one of the rivers ZAb, which rise on the borders of Adarbigan, flow into the Tigris, and so reach the Persian Gulf, the sea on the coast of Pars. Or it may be the Shirvan, another affluent of the Tigris, which flows through the district of Zohab.
* The Kuran, upon which the town of Shistar was founded by one of the early Sasanian kings, who also dug a canal, east of the town, so as to form a loop branch of the river; this canal was called Nahr-i Masrfiiqin by Oriental geographers (see Rawlinson, Journal Roy. Geogr. Soc. vol. ix. pp. 73-75).
5 Ispahan in Persian.
6 Miswritten Dayrid in Pazand (see § 12).
7 Written in Pazand without the final n, as usual. This is the old name of the canal forming the eastern branch of the Kuran at Shastar; it is now called Ab-i Gargar.
® Flows into the Caspian near Ami.
® Probably the river which flows into. the Amfi (Oxus) at Tar- maz; but, in that case, the Oxus is here again identified with the Véh (Indus) as in § 22, instead of the Arag (Araxes) as in § 8.
” Called Khvanaidis, or Khvanainidis, in § 7.
" Called Kasik in § 7. 12 Close to Meshhed.
Se BUNDAIIIS.
ee
over, the river, which is there the Véh, they call the
Kadsak!; even in Sind they call z¢ the Kasak. 31.
The Pédak-miydn 2, which is the river Aatru-miyan,
is that which is in Kangdez*. 32. The Daraga
river is in Airan-vég, on the bank (bar) of which
was the dwelling of Pdrtishasp, the father of Zara-
ttist*, 33. The other innumerable waters and rivers,
springs azd channels are one in origin with those °;
so in various districts avd various places they call
then by various names.
34. Regarding Frasiyav® they say, that a thou-
sand springs were conducted away by him into the
sea Kydnsih’?, suitable for horses, suitable for
camels, suitable for oxen, suitable for asses, both
yreat and small*; and he conducted the spring
Zarinmand (or golden source), which is the Hétd-
mand ® river they say, into the same sea; and he
conducted the seven navigable waters of the source
of the Vasaéni’ river into the same sea, aza@ made
men settle here.
' Or, ‘this same Véh river they call there the Kasak; even in Séni they call 7/ the Kasak;’ Séni is apt to be miswritten Sénd or Sind (see Chap. XV, 29).
* See § 7. The latter half of both names can also be read maihan, mahé, or mahdn. Péshydtan, son of Vistasp, seems to have taken a surname from this river (see Chap. XXIX, 5).
* See Chap. XXLIX, 10.
* See Chaps. XXIV, 15, XXXII, 1, 2.
® Or, ‘are from those as a source.’
The MSS. have ‘Pérfishasp,’ but compare § 17 and Chap. NXI, 6. The two names are somewhat alike in Pahlavi writing.
7 See Chap. XIII, 16.
“ Compare Chap. XIX, 6. Kzo omits the words ‘suitable for asses here.
* Another Héthmand according to § 17. Possibly a dried-up bed of that river.
'’ WK2o has Vataéni; 4 and t being much alike in Pazand. The
Chapter Xx, 31—Xxi, 2. 83
CHAPTER X XI},
1. In revelation they mention seventeen? species
of liquid (may4), as one liquid resides in plants ®*;
second, that which is flowing from the mountains,
that is, the rivers; third, that which is rain-water;
fourth, that of tanks axd other special constructions ;
fifth, the semen of animals and men; sixth, the urine
of animals and men‘; seventh, the sweat of animals
and men; the eighth liquid is that in the skin of
animals and men; ninth, the tears of animals and
men; tenth, the blood of animals and men; eleventh,
the oil in animals and men, a necessary in both
worlds®; twelfth, the saliva of animals and men,
with which they nourish the embryo®; the thirteenth
is that which is under the bark’ of plants, as it is
said that every bark has a liquid, through which a
drop appears on a twig (tékh) when placed four
finger-breadths before a fire*®; fourteenth, the milk of
animals and men. 2. All these, through growth, or
‘navigable (ndvtaék) waters’ may be ‘the Nfvada river’ of § 7, ‘the river Nahvték’ of Chap. XXI, 6, and Naivtaék of Chap. XXIX, 4, 5- }
1 This chapter is evidently a continuation of the preceding one.
2 Only fourteen are mentioned in the details which follow.
3 Most of these details are derived from the Pahl. Yas. XX XVIII, 4-9, 13, 143 and several varieties of water are also described in Yas. LXVII, 15.
* This sixth liquid is omitted by Kzo.
> Departed souls are said to be fed with oil in paradise.
® K20 omits the word pfis, ‘ embryo.’
7 The meaning ‘bark’ for Paz. ayvan is merely a guess; An- quetil has ‘sap’ (compare Pers, avina, ‘juice’), but this is hardly consistent with the rest of the sentence.
® See Chap. XXVII, 25.
84 BUNDAUIS.
TT —
the body which is formed, mingle again with the
rivers, for the body which is formed and the growth
are both one.
3. This, too, they say, that of these three rivers,
that is, the Arag river, the Marv river, aud the
Véh' river, the spirits were dissatisfied, so that they
would not flow into the world, owing to the defile-
ment of stagnant water (armést) which they beheld,
so that they were in tribulation through it until Zara-
ttist was exhibited to them, whom I (Atharmazd)
will create, who w7// pour sixfold holy-water (z6r)
into it axd make z¢ again wholesome; he will preach
carefulness*, 4. This, too, it says, that, of water
whose holy-water is more and pollution less, the
holy-water has come in excess, azd in three years it
goes back to the sources*; ¢ha¢ of which the pollu-
tion azd holy-water have both become equal, arrives
back in six years; ¢hat of which the pollution is
more and holy-water less, arrives back in nine years.
5. So, also, the growth of plants is connected, in this
manner, strongly with the root‘; so, likewise, the
blessings (Afrin) which the righteous utter, come
back, in this proportion, to themselves,
6. Regarding the river Nahvték® it says, that Frasiyav of Tar conducted it away; and when °
’ K2o has ‘ Hétfimand,’ but M6 has ‘ Sapir,’ the Huz, equiva- lent of ‘ Véh,’ which is more probsbie.
® Or, ‘abstinence from impurity.
* The source Arédvivsir (see Chap. XIII, 3, ro).
* That is, by the sap circulating like the waters of the earth. The greater part of this sentence is omitted in K2o.
* Probably ‘the Navadé’ and ‘ navigable waters’ of Chap. XX, 7, 34,and Naivték of Chap, XXIX, 4, 5.
* Reading amat, ‘when,’ instead of min, ‘which’ (see note to Chap. I, 7).
Chapter Xxi, 3—Xxii, 3. 85
Hishédar? comes it we// flow again suitable for
horses; so, also, wz// the fountains of the sea
Kyansih*, 7. Kydnsih* is the one where the home
(ginak) of the Kayan race is.
CHAPTER XXII.
1. On the nature of lakes it says in revelation,
that thus many fountains of waters have come into
notice, which they call lakes (var); counterparts of
the eyes (4ashm) of men are those fountains (¢ash-
mak) of waters; such as Lake Aééast, Lake Sévbar,
Lake Khvdarizem *, Lake Frazdan, Lake Zarinmand,
Lake Asvast, Lake Husru, Lake Satavés, Lake
Urvis.
2. I wz// mention them also a second time: Lake
Keékast* is in Atar6-patakan, warm is the water and
opposed to harm, so that nothing whatever is living
in z¢; and its source is connected with the wide-
formed ocean®. 3. Lake Sévbar is in the upper
district and country on the summit of the mountain
of Tis°; as it says, that the Sid-bahar? (‘share of
benefit ’) is propitious and good from which abound-
1 Written Khifirshédar, as usual in Bundahis (see Chap. XXXII, 8).
2 Written Kaydseh in Pazand (see Chap. XIII, 16).
