Hence it has been said to the mendicant, &c. ;
Book Ii, Lecture 2, Lesson I. 123
that he should not use for religious postures, &c., a lodging-place which is used by the householder. (8)
This is (another) reason : While a mendicant lives
in a lodging used by the householder, the house-
holder or his wife, &c., might bulljp, scold 1 , attack
or beat each other. Then the mendicant might
direct his mind to approval or dislike : ' Let them
bully each other !' or, * Let them not bully each
other!' &c. &c.
Hence it has been said to the mendicant, &c.,
that he should not use, for religious postures, &c., a
lodging-place used by the householder. (9)
This is (another) reason : While the mendicant
lives together with householders, the householder
might, for his own sake, kindle or light or extinguish
a fire-body. Then the mendicant might direct his
mind to approval or dislike: ' Let them kindle or light
or extinguish a fire-body;' or, 4 Let them not do so/
Hence it has been said to the mendicant, &c. (see above). (10)
This is (another) reason : While the mendicant
lives together with householders, he might see the
householder's earrings or girdle or jewels or pearls
or gold and silver 2 or bracelets (those round the
wrist and thoe round the upper arm) or necklaces
(those consisting of three strings, or those reaching
halfway down the body, or those consisting of eighty
1 Vaha/rcti. The Guzerati translation renders it nirbhaw^Ae, which is derived from Sanskrit nirbharts.
* Hira**e suvae. The commentators explain these two words, which are synonyms in the later language, as 'raw and wrought gold, or coined gold/ I translate 'gold and silver/ because the distinction of the commentators seems rather far- fetched, and because silver would be missed in enumerations like the present one.
124 AjrARANGA SflTRA.
strings or forty strings or one string or strings of
pearls, golden beads or jewels) or a decked or orna-
mented girl or maiden. Thus the mendicant might
direct his mind to approval or dislike : ' Let her be
thus;' or, 'Let her not be thus/ So he might say, so
he might think. Hence it has been said to the
mendicant, &c. (see above), (n)
This is (another) reason : While a mendicant lives
together with householders, the householder's wives,
daughters, daughters-in-law, nurses, slave-girls or
servant-girls might say: 'These reverend 6rama#as,
&c., have ceased from sexual intercourse; it behoves
them not to indulge in sexual intercourse : whatever
woman indulges with them in sexual intercourse, will
have a strong, powerful, illustrious, glorious, victorious
son of heavenly beauty/ Hearing and perceiving
such talk, one of. them might induce the mendicant
ascetic to indulge in sexual intercourse.
Hence it has been said to the mendicant, &c.,
that he should not use for religious postures, &c., a
lodging used by the householder.
This is the whole duty, &c.
Thus I say. (12)
Some householders are of clean habits and the
mendicants, because they never bathe, are covered
with uncleanliness ; they smell after it, they smell
badly, they are disagreeable, they are loathsome.
Hence the householders, with regard to the mendicant,
put off some work which otherwise they would have
done before, and do some work which otherwise
they would have put off.
Hence it has been said to the mendicant, &c.,
BOOK II, LECTURE 2, LESSON 2.
that he should not use, for religious postures, &c., a lodging used by the householder, (i)
This is the reason : While a mendicant lives
together with householders, the householder might,
for his own sake, have prepared something to eat.
Then, afterwards, he might, for the sake of the
mendicant, prepare or dress food, &c., and the men-
dicant might desire to eat or drink or swallow it.
Hence it has been said to the mendicant, &c. (see above). (2)
This is the reason : While the mendicant lives
together with a householder, there may be ready
wood cleft for the use of the householder. Then,
afterwards, (the householder) might, for the sake of
the mendicant, cleave or buy or steal wood, kindle
or light, by rubbing wood on wood, the fire-body,
and the mendicant might desire to dry or warm
himself at, or enjoy, the fire.
Hence it has been said to the mendicant, &c. (see above). (3)
When in the night or twilight a mendicant, to
ease nature, leaves the door open, a thief, watching
for an occasion, might enter. It is not meet for
the mendicant to say : This thief enters or does not
enter, he hides himself or does not hide himself, he
creeps in or does not creep in, he speaks or does not
speak ; he has taken it, another has taken it, it is
taken from that man ;. this is the thief, this is the
accomplice, this is the murderer, he has done so 1 .
The householder will suspect the ascetic, the men-
1 For if he gives warning of the thief, the warner or the thief might be slain ; but if he gives no warning, no life will be lost, though the mendicant's integrity may be doubted.
126 AJTARANGA SUTRA.
dicant, who is not a thief, to be the thief. Hence it has been said to the mendicant, &c. (4)
A monk or a nun should not use, for religious
postures, &c., sheds of grass or straw which contain
eggs, living beings, &c. But they may do so if they
contain few eggs, few living beings, &c. (5)
A mendicant should not stay in halting-places,
garden houses, family houses, monasteries, where
many fellow-ascetics are frequently arriving.
1. If the reverend persons continue to live in those
places after staying there for a month l in the hot or
cold seasons or for the rainy season (he should say) :
' O long-lived one ! you sin by overstaying the fixed
time/ (6)
2. If the reverend persons repeatedly live in
halting-places, &c,, after staying there for tfye proper
time, without passing two or three intermediate
months somewhere else, (he should say) : ' O long-
lived one ! you sin by repeating your retreat in the
same place/ (7)
3. Here, in ,the east, west, north, or south, there
are, forsooth, some faithful householders, house-
holders' wives, &c., who are not well acquainted with
the rules of monastic life (with regard to the fitness
of lodging-places) ; nevertheless they believe in, per-
ceive, are convinced of, (the merit of) giving lodging
to mendicants. They (accordingly) give lodging-
places for the sake of many K$rama/as and Brh-
ma^as, guests, paupers, and beggars, in workshops,
chapels, temples, assembly halls, wells, houses or
halls for shopkeeping or for keeping or building
carriages, distilleries, houses where Darbha-grass,
1 Or any fixed period, which the mendicant has vowed not to exceed staying in one place.
Book Ii, Lecture 2, Lesson 2. 127
bark, trees, wood or charcoal are being worked,
houses on burial-places, rooms for retirement near
the place of sacrifice 1 , empty houses, hill-houses;
caves, stone -houses, or palaces. He should say to
those reverend persons who live in such -like places
as workshops, &c., together with other guests : ' O
long-lived one ! you sin by living in a place frequented
by other sectarians/ (8)
4. Here, in the east, &c. They accordingly give,
&c. (all as in 8 down to) palaces. If the mendi-
cants come there while the other religious men do
not come there, they sin by living in a place not
frequented by other mendicants. (9)
5. In the east, west, north, or south there are
faithful householders, viz. a householder or his wife,
&c., who will speak thus : 'It is not meet that these
illustrious, pious, virtuous, eloquent, controlled, chaste
ascetics, who have ceased from sexual intercourse,
should dwell in a lodging which is ^dhdkarmika 2 :
let us give to the mendicants the lodgings which are
ready for our use, viz. workshops, &c., and let us,
afterwards, prepare lodgings for our own use, viz.
workshops, &c.' Hearing and perceiving such talk,
if the reverend persons frequent such-like lodgings,
viz. workshops, &c., and live in them which are
ceded by other people (they should be warned) : ' O
long-lived one ! that (lodging is infected by the sin
called) var^akriyci/ (10)
6. Here, in the east, &c. (see 8 all down to)
they give lodging-places for the sake of many 6ra-
maaas and Br&hma#as, guests, paupers, and beggars,
after having well counted them, in workshops, &c.
1 Sdntigrrfia. * See note 5 on p. 81.
128 AJTARANGA st)TRA.
If the reverend persons frequent such-like lodgings,
viz. workshops, &c., and live in them which are ceded
by other people (they should be warned) : ' O long-
h\ed one! that (lodging is infected by the sin called)
mahavar^akriyd.' (n)
7. Here, in the east, &c. They accordingly give,
for the sake of many sorts of tSrama/zas 1 , after having
well counted them, lodging-places, viz. workshops,
&c. If the reverend persons frequent such-like lodg-
ings, viz. workshops, &c., and live in them which
are ceded by other people (they should be warned) :
4 O long-lived one ! that (lodging is infected by the
sin called) Sctvadyakriyd.' (12)
8. Here, in the east, &c. They accordingly pre-
pare, for the sake of one sort of ^rama^as, lodgings,
viz. workshops, &c., for which purpose great injury is
done to the earth, water, fire, wind-bodies, plants, and
animals, great injury, great cruelty, great and mani-
fold sinful acts ; by wasting cold water or strewing
(the ground), smearing it with cowdung, shutting the
doors and securing the bed, lighting a fire. If the
reverend persons frequent such-like lodgings, viz.
workshops, &c., and lead in such ceded lodgings an
ambiguous 2 life (they should be warned) : ' O long-
lived one ! that (lodging is infected by the sin called)
mahasavadyakriya.' (13)
9. But if the lodgings, viz. workshops, &c., are
1 There are five sorts of *Sramaas enumerated in the following hemistich, which occurs not only in Silafika's commentary, but also in that of the StMnahga Sfitra^as Dr. Leumann informs me : Niggawtha, Sakka, Tavasa, Gerua, Agiva paw/taha samara. Nir- granthas, S&kyas, Tapasas, Gairikas, A^ivakas.
a Dupakkhaw te kamma sevawti, lit. use twofold work; the
meaning is, according to the commentary, that they act like house-
holders, though they make a show of monastic life,
BOOK II, LECTURE 2, LESSON 3. I2q
prepared by the householders for their own sake
under the same circumstances as detailed in the
preceding paragraph, and the reverend persons fre-
quent such-like lodgings, they lead, in those lodgings,
an unambiguous life. ' O long-lived one ! that (lodg-
ing is infected by the very small sin called) alpasi-
vadyakriyd.'
This is the whole duty, &c.
Thus I say. (14)
4 It 1 is difficult to obtain pure, acceptable alms; it
is indeed not free from such preparations as strewing
the ground (with Darbha-grass), smearing it (with
cowdung), shutting the doors ana securing the beds.
And he (the mendicant) delights in pilgrimage,
religious exercises, study, begging for a bed, a couch,
or other alms/
Some mendicants explain thus (the requisites of
a lodging) ; they are called upright, searching after
liberation, practising no deceit.
Some householders (who, having learned the
requisites of a lodging -place, fit one out accord-
ingly, try to deceive the mendicants, saying): * This
lodging, which we offer you, has been assigned to
you, it has been originally prepared for our sake, or
for the sake of some relations, it has been used, it
has been relinquished/
Explaining 2 thus, he truly explains. (The teacher says) : Well, he is (an explainer of the truth), (i)
1 The commentators say that this passage contains the mendi- cant's answer to an invitation to live in this or that village. By the second it is meant the lodging.
1 The commentator supposes here the householder to further
Cm] K
i jo AATARANGA S(JTRA.
If a mendicant, at night or at the twilight, leaves
or enters a small lodging, one with a small door, a
low or cramrped lodging, (he should put forward)
first his hand, then his foot, and thus circumspectly
leave or enter it.
The Kevalin says : This is the reason : There
might be a badly bound, badly placed, badly fastened,
loose umbrella, pot, stick, staff, robe, hide, leather
boots or piece of leather belonging to .Srama/zas or
Br&hma/eas ; and the mendicant, when leaving or
entering (tfhe lodging) at night or twilight, might
stumble or fall ; stumbling or falling he might hurt
his hand or foot, &c. (see IV, i, 7, i), kill, &c., all
sorts of living beings.
Hence it has been said to the mendicant, &c.,
that one (should put forward) first the hand, then
the foot, and thus circumspectly leave or enter such
a lodging. (2)
He (the mendicant) should, at halting-places, &c.,
ask for a lodging-place, after having inquired who is
the landlord or who is the tenant. He should ask
permission to use the lodging-place in this way : * By
your favour, O long-lived one ! we shall dwell here
for a while (for the time and in the place) which you
will concede/ (If the landlord should object and say
that he owns the lodging for a limited time only, or
if he asks for the number of monks for which the
lodging is required, he should answer) 1 : 4 As long as
this lodging belongs to you, (or) for the sake of as
