does not obtain right nutriment ami erudition Fur like one whose feet are injured, he w alks indeed, yet not well ; and is neither entirely depriied of motive pails, mu uses sin li as are entire and perfei I. Alter the same manner tlu refore, lie who in-fleets himself; ami he is one who looks downward, dismissing the know ledge of himself; will proceed through the path of hie in a lame comhlion, as alone ha\mg made a protmem y so far as he has hern inmnl |,y nature. Hence I Into says, that he will again puss into Hades imperfect and destitute of intelligence, not being able to gi\e perfection to his intellect; Im cause the living are from the dead. And the passing into II ides, m mifesls the piuceeding into that wIm Si is dark, and without splendour. I or tlu* departure to these, is not according to the good and wise find [Pluto], through the downward leading mouth into the subterranean place. For lie who has not purified himself, can- not know that whieh is wholly pure and incorruptible.* Hence, he is sent to
• For nmflufirn* in (ills |»l.icr, it to me to be urermary lo read u«i^*arri .
TIM.FL'S OF PLATO.
that place, in which he will he purified ; and he who has alone lived according to l ate, will In* directed into the right path hy Tate in orderly |»eriods of time.
“ 1 iiesc are particulars however, which take place afterwards ; hut it > 4 ^
is requisite to discuss more accurately the tilings which arc now proposed to he considered."
The discussion of the composition of the body, both of the whole and the parts of it, and also of the irrational life, hut not of the allotments of the soul, is consequent to the consideration of the incarnation of the soul. Tor the accurate discussion of the allotments is to be found in the speculations in the Republic; converting souls through it to a prudent and wise life, ltul it pertains to the physiologist to give perfection to the discussion of the animal. The philosopher therefore, very properly dismisses ethical speculations, but is traiisfi rred to the physical doctrine. Hence, lie »,ivs, that llic-c particulars, viz. the allotments of souls take place po^terim to those things which are now proposed to be more accurately discussed. \nd the sentence indeed, appears to he somewhat diffi¬ cult ; Imt al the same tune, lie says, that ill that lias now been asserted, will take place beiealiei ; and tbit it is ivquisiii to speak ol thos< particulars, which are now proposed h\ us to be discussed, and these are sin h as pertain to the life of the body. Of Ini's lio\\e\er, transposing the words, lor the sake of perspicuity, w rite, lf ix m< t xsm if tu ni.u usx more nnttcli/ the things non proposed to he ~'m- lidcred. Lint what follows is adverse to this transposition.
“ Prior to these therefore, it is requisite to speak about bodies, accord¬ ing to 11 it* parts' of ilicir generation, and about the soul, and to show by especially adhering to probable reasons, through what causes ami provi¬ dence of the (iods they were generated. Tor thus, and to those that proceed conformably to these tilings, it is requisite to discuss the parti¬ culars that remain.”
In what is here said, Plato defines the scope of what is about to i>c delivered.
1 i. r. To h)>crIi of the general too of the parts, of bo«lie».
1'Koci.Ub os mi;
[uuul r.
vi/. (lmt it is about fli** gem-ration of bodies, and alwmt (lit- soul. For it was plainl% said, that it was his intention to speak, concerning both, and to show from wliat particulars the second Demiurgi constituted the soul and the body. lJut conformably to this, be hud In-lore asserted, that in constituting soul and body it was requisite to inlroduee the (locks, and to t-flecl tilings consequent ti> these, \iz. the du isions of the soul, and a more minute discussion of the parts of the body. For thus in the unit else, alter a eonruon discussion of the whole, he spuki about the parts which it c ontains. lb at also which is the pec uliarity ol tlie l'latomc pbilosopbv, to suspend all generation fro**: .be ( Joels, lie now dots, by plaem^ in tbetiods tin primordial causes ol mortal bodies, anil (l | the 111 se| i.i l.11 ill* forms ol bti . .Not tli.it tin ie me di finite n huis [or productm: | tow i I s ] ol | i.i 111 .i I li aim e«, a ml o| pal I |i dial s, and I lilli^s i m nipt ibb in tin ( mils ; |o|- a ill V llie llat ill * Is \ei \ 11 Inoli limn p ii I lal l.ibi leal imi ; lmt t b it I In >
preside n\t i i;i 11<1 .it< d ii.ilm't s in an llldn goth n in min r, and o\i i mail mil lia tines iinmateliallv, < on;li u.illli'4 linili til.iliy partial and pinxmiale causes, tint which is partial in i Heels through perpetual motions, am tbroii^b well arranged and multiform causes. For as tbe first |)i minibus delivers [llu- production of mortal natures] to tbe junior finds, so Ilk ewise tbe providence ol lliese, proceeds lluoii-^li da moils is far as lo malerial and individual principle-, using as adjutois, ib finite natuics, and tile several peeuliar motions of (Inst winch dilh r in tlu-ir powers, and likew ise employing all tbe proximate causes of gene¬ rated beings; from wliuli, tli.it winch is ^cm-ralcd, ileiius its cmnplcliou, is fabricated a partial nature instead ol being tbe whole, ami receives an hypostasis, circumscribed dilli-rc-nlly, and by ililleonl pei uliai itie.s. Mere I ben tore, it is leipiisile In spi ak about tbe body according to purls; as lor uisiatice, about the In .id, llu then ix, and tin- b and ill < at b of tin -i , about llu- palls i uiil.nin d III them ; lor llu sc ate organic. It is nl-.o i< ipusile to sp* ak about llu- nioilal hold, wbn b logi llu I with (be body makes the nioilal animal, ibis being tin* lain ii aluili ol (III juuioi (imU; ami likew ise about ibe puiU of if, bulb llie gnns- lie* and tin nicelic. For if we pmpcilv iippicluud these by u reasoning pm* ess, w e shall have w II disc m> a cl w bat pi i tail is to man
Ills necessary Itmuut lli.it man in tin- s.iun- manlier as tbe whole world should lie considered pi-rlec lly , l*i c lllse mail Is a microc osm. 1 or lie lias intellect and n usiin, a divine and a mental body, in tin* same manner as the universe, and lie i» die ided analogously to tin- unn el se. Ib nee also, some are accustomed to say, that Ills intellectual part is arranged analogous to the sphe re of the; fixed stars", lmt that of reason, that which is theoretic, is analogous to Saturn, and
Look V.]
TIM /HUS or l'LATO.
Ki5
that which is political, to Jupiter. Of (hr irrational part likewise, the irascible nature i< analogous to Mars; that which is endued w ith the faculty of speech, to Memi -v ; that which is epithvmetie, to \ enus ; that which is sensitive, to the ' «in ; and that which is vegel itive, to the Moon. The luciforin Vi hide likewise, is analogous to the heavens; hut this mortal body, to the sublunary region. In ordi r therefore, that you may perceive the universe partially, the discourse about man is co arranged with all physiology. And thus much as to this particular.
llul how are the causes and providential energies of the Gods to be divided 1 Is it not, that the former are hvpostatic, or the sources of subsistence, but the latter are of a guardian nature ; the former are the suppliers of essence, but the latter of good ; and the former are «tl’cctive of mortal natures, but the latter arc the saviours of immortal souls? 1 'or the Gods providentially attend to these, receive them when they descend [into the realms of generation], and again, when they are w iliing to ascend, extend (heir hands, and impai l tin pity which dwells with them. Since however both the cause and the providence o» the junior Gods, are multi¬ plied and united ; for whence could union be imparted from them to generated natures, unless those that produce them were by a much greati r priority united to each other? on this account, l*lato rails their demiurgic powers, the providence and causes of them. For there are many Peiniurgi, and the production of each is multiform. And again, he unites the multitude of the Gods. For union and uniform power accede to all beings, and by a much greater priority to the Gods themselves, from the divine peculiarity; just as intelligence is present with wholes, and in a much greater degree with the intellectual orders them¬ selves, from intellect. Hut when, in short, lie reft rs the cause nt generated natures to the providence of the (iods, he gives to them a first progression into existence, ineffable, ami better than knowledge. lienee, lamblii hus rightly says, that it is not possible to collect syllogistically, how the Gods produce body, anti the hie which is in it, and how they connect both with each other. For these things are unknown to us. And indeed, we strenuously assert, that all things are constituted by the Gods, in consequence of looking to their goodness; but we are not able to know how they proceed from thence. The cause however, of this is, that to energize providentially, and to generate, arc the prerogatives of a div ine by parvis, and possess an unknown transcendency. It has been shown therefore, what the subject is of the present discussion; but he again reminds us what the mode of it is, that it is mingled with probability. For so far as it is connected with nature, and the fabrication of mortals, ho far it is accompanied with probability; but so far as it recurs to a divine intellect Tim. Plat. Vol, II. 3 N
4 M PLOCLUS OS THE TINLEU 5 OF PLATO. [book v.
itself, so far again, it participates of truth. And finally, he connects the mode nml the end of the discussion. For he says, "Thus, and to those that proceed conformally to these things, it it rn/uisitc to discuss the particulars that remain llut the word thus, pertains to the mode; and the words , conformably to these things, belong to the end. The end however, is to speak about the parts of the body, and to discuss minutely, what pertains to the mortal boul.
UNIS.
ADDITIONAL NOTES,
Vol. I, p. I. O.i Ifin account n( hart prefixed the treat lie of 1 inurut to t'nic Ccnmnenior irr.
*1 Ins l realise ill 1 mi i ns, u lui ii has In i n traiisinittril to us ihnnigh Pin* III', is mil linu< srr | r.liinl to the prin'i l nli!inn nl tin si; ( •■inment irirs. lint the reader may find it in C. ill s' (Ipiisrula Mvilmlogica.
I* 4. I he tu n co-orjnmti .of of thin^i
Tl csr two ro-ordinatiiiiis are the following: hound
the inlinitr ; the odd, the even; the our, multitude;
the right hand, tl r It It I and, the in.isriilnir, the femi¬
nine; the rjm* 'Cent, that whirli is in motion; the
straight, the mrsed, light, darkness ; good, evil; the
Sipiare, the i I "iig.
P. 14 II ho celebrate number^ Ac. on I the trtre, tat.
For a dcveliipeiiirnt of t! c inaimi r in which the Py¬
thagoreans phibi-uphizi-d at out nuinhrr, and also con¬
cerning the tetractvs. s rr niv Inc .relic Aiithiuctic.
1’. If Our preerf'h-r .Sir^ inu’.
1 Ins vrrv cxlraordin irv in i i «as ih«- iir^l that tho-
r.Highly prnetia'i 1 run, and tlrvelopid the latent doc¬
trines ol philosophers and tin oh guts of the highest
antiquity. lie did not writi intirh himself, but ernn-
mitted the protiiulgatioii ot Ins dogmas to I’roclus.