8. The manner of expressing such modifications is uniform throughout. While all typical letters of

] Preface to the

the first class are expressed by Roman types, modi-
fied letters of the second class are expressed by
italics, modified letters of the third class by small
capitals. Only in extreme cases, where another class
of modified types is wanted, are we compelled to
have recourse either to diacritical marks, or to a
different fount of types.

9. Which letters in each language are to be
considered as primary, secondary, or tertiary may,
to a certain extent, be left to the discretion of
individual scholars.

10. As it has been found quite impossible to
devise any practical alphabet that should accurately
represent the pronunciation of words, the Missionary
Alphabet, by not attempting to indicate minute
shades of pronunciation, has at all events the
advantage of not misleading readers in their pro-
nunciation of foreign words. An italic ¢, for instance,
or a small capital T, serves simply as a warning that
this is not the ordinary t, though it has some affinity
with it. How it is to be pronounced must be learnt
for each language, as it now is, from a grammar
or otherwise. Thus ¢ in Sanskrit is the lingual ¢.
How that is to be pronounced, we must learn from
the Pratisikhyas, or from the mouth of a highly
educated Srotriya. We shall then learn that its
pronunciation is really that of what we call the
ordinary dental t, as in town, while the ordinary
dental t in Sanskrit has a pronunciation of its own,
extremely difficult to acquire for Europeans.

11. Words or sentences which used to be printed in italics are spaced.

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APPROXIMATE PRONUNCIATION OF THE RoMAN LETTERS AS REPRESENTING THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET.

VoweELs.

a WT as in sam

a » psalm

i 9 knit

i »» neat

ri » fiery

ri ee

hi » friendly

pe tol
» fool
» date
» aisle
» note

44VAIII AA MAH a

»» proud

CONSONANTS.

Gutturals.
k @ as in kite
kh @ _,, inkhorn
g T™ «4 gate
gh @ ,, springhead
h(ng)F ,, sing
h Zs, hear

Palatals.
k as in church
kh Rs, church-history
g WH 4, jolly
gh R ,,_ bridge-house

WH as in new

aq, yet

W ,, sharp Dentals.

: . tip of tongue strikin,
@W as in tin (the bone of the teeth)
» lanthorn
» din

»» landholder

AQ aacu gd
=]
&

» Srass Linguals.

Z as in town (ie wrecks ik)
», outhouse
»» done
»» rodhook
no
99 Ted
» shun

Labials.

Saan a

TW as in pan
A ,, topheavy
@ ==, bed
w=, clubhouse
S55 mill
@_ =, live
@ = ,, Anusvara (i221)
BW ,, Visarga (oreathing)

Proper names have frequently been left in their ordinary spelling, e.g.

Rajendra, instead of Ragendra.

In words which have almost become

English the diacritical marks have often been omitted, e.g. Rig-veda, instead of Rig-veda; Brahman, instead of Brahmana; Confucius,

Zoroaster, Koran, &c.

rierOpUCTION

hee UA N ES ADS.

FIRST TRANSLATION OF THE UPANISHADS. DARA SHUKOH, ANQUETIL DUPERRON, SCHOPENHAUER.

THE ancient Vedic literature, the foundation of the whole literature of India, which has been handed down in that country in an unbroken succession from the earliest times within the recollection of man to the present day, became known for the first time beyond the frontiers of India through the Upanishads. The Upanishads were translated from Sanskrit into Persian by, or, it may be, for Dara Shukoh, the eldest son of Shah Jehan, an enlightened prince, who openly professed the liberal religious tenets of the great Emperor Akbar, and even wrote a book intended to reconcile the religious doctrines of Hindus and Moham- medans. He seems first to have heard of the Upanishads during his stay in Kashmir in 1640. He afterwards in- vited several Pandits from Benares to Delhi, who were to assist him in the work of translation. The translation was finished in 1657. Three years after the accomplish- ment of this work, in 1659, the prince was put to death by his brother Aurangzib}, in reality, no doubt, because he was the eldest son and legitimate successor of Shah Jehan, but under the pretext that he was an infidel, and dangerous to the established religion of the empire.

When the Upanishads had once been translated from
Sanskrit into Persian, at that time the most widely read
language of the East and understood likewise by many
European scholars, they became generally accessible to

' Elphinstone, History of India, ed. Cowell, p. 610.

Ivili UPANISHADS.

all who took an interest in the religious literature of India. It is true that under Akbar’s reign (1556-1586) similar translations had been prepared’, but neither those nor the translations of Dara Shukoh attracted the ‘attention of European scholars till the year 1775. In that year Anquetil Duperron, the famous traveller and discoverer of the Zend-avesta, received one MS. of the Persian trans- lation of the Upanishads, sent to him by M. Gentil, the French resident at the court of Shuja ud daula, and brought to France by M. Bernier. After receiving another MS., Anquetil Duperron collated the two, and translated the Persian translation? into French (not published), and into Latin. That Latin translation was published in 1801 and 1802, under the title of ‘Oupnek’hat, id est, Secretum tegen- dum: opus ipsa in India rarissimum, continens antiquam et arcanam, seu theologicam et philosophicam doctrinam, e quatuor sacris Indorum libris Rak baid, Djedjer baid, Sam baid, Athrban baid excerptam; ad verbum, e Persico idiomate, Samkreticis vocabulis intermixto, in Latinum conversum: Dissertationibus et Annotationibus diffici- liora explanantibus, illustratum: studio et opera Anquetil Duperron, Indicopleuste. Argentorati, typis et impensis fratrum Levrault, vol. i, 1801; vol. ii, 1802 %.’

This translation, though it attracted considerable interest among scholars, was written in so utterly unintelligible a style, that it required the lynxlike perspicacity of an intre-

1 M. M., Introduction to the Science of Religion, p. 79. :