_ THE SACRED BOOKS _ OFTHEEAST
-Volume1l
_ the Upanishads
~ Part |
Edited & Translated by F, MAX
THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST
Translated by VARIOUS ORIENTAL SCHOLARS
Edited by F. MAX MULLER
Vol. 1
Sacred Books of the East
(50 VOLUMES) Series Editor : F. Max-Miiller
ISBN: 978-81-208-0101-1 (Set) Rs. 20000 (Each Vol. Rs. 400)
These volumes of the Sacred Books of the East series include translations of all the most important works of the seven non-Christian religions that have exercised a profound influence on the civilisations of the continent of Asia. The Vedic Brahmanic system claims 21 volumes, Buddhism 10, and Jainism 2; 8 volumes comprise Sacred Books of the Parsis; 2 volumes represent Islam; and 6 the two main indigenous systems of China. Translated by twenty leading authorities in their respective fields, the volumes have been edited by the late F. Max Miiller. The inception, publication and the compilation of these books cover almost 34 years. I. BUDDHISM
Vol. 49: Buddhist Mahayana Texts (2 Parts)
Vol. 11: Buddhist Suttas
Vol. 10: The Dhammapada and Sutta Nipata
Vols. 35 & 36: The Questions of King Milinda (2 Parts)
Vol. 21: The Saddharma Pundarika or the Lotus of the True Law
Vols. 13, 17 & 20: Vinaya Texts (3 Parts) j
Il. CHINESE
Vol. 19: The Fo-Sho-Hing-Tsan-King
Vols. 3, 16, 27, 28, 39 & 40: The Sacred Books of China (6 Parts)
Il. A GENERAL INDEX
Vol. 50: A General Index to the Names and Subject-matter of the Sacred Books
of the East
‘IV. ISLAM Vols. 6 & 9: The Qur'an (2 Parts)
V. JAINISM Vols. 22 & 45: The Jaina Sutras (2 Parts)
VI. PARSIS
Vols. 5, 18, 24, 37 & 47: Pahlavi Texts (5 Parts)
Vols. 4, 23 & 31: The Zend-Avesta (3 Parts)
VII. VEDIC-BRAHMANIC SYSTEM Vol. 8: The Bhagavadgita with the Sanatsujatiya and the Anugita Vols. 29 & 30: The Grihya-Sutras: Rules of Vedic Domestic Ceremonies (2 Parts) ~ Vol. 42: Hymns of the Atharva Veda together with Extracts from the Ritua! Books and the Commentaries Vol. 7: The Institutes of Vishnu Vol. 25: The Laws of Manu Vol. 33: The Minor Law Baoks : Vols. 2 & 14: The Sacred Laws of the Aryas as Taught in the Schools of Apastamba, Gautama, Vasishtha and Baudhayana (2 Parts) Vols. 12, 26, 41, 43 8 44: The Satapatha BrahmanaAccording to the Textofthe _ Madhyandina School (5 Parts)
Vols. 1 & 15: The Upanishads (2 Parts)
Vols. 34 & 38: The Vedanta Sutras (2 Parts)
Vol. 48: The Vedanta-Sutras (with the commentary by Ramanuja)
Vols. 32 & 46: Vedic Hymns (2 Parts)
The Upanishads
Translated by F. MAx MULLER
PART I
The Khandogya-Upanishad
The Talavakara-Upanishad
The Aitareya-Aranyaka
The Kaushitaki-Brahmana-Upanishad
and
The Vagasaneyi-Samhita-Upanishad
MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED e DELHI
Hh Reprint: Delhi, 2018 First Published by Oxford University Press, 1900
© MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED. All rights reserved
Isbn: 978-81-208-0102-8
Motilal Banarsidass
_ 41 U.A. Bungalow Road, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi 110 007
1 B, Jyoti Studio Compound, Kennedy Bridge, Nana Chowk, Mumbai 400 007
203 Royapettah High Road, Mylapore, Chennai 600 004
236, 9th Main III Block, Jayanagar, Bengaluru 560 011
8 Camac Street, Kolkata 700 017
Ashok Rajpath, Patna 800 004
Chowk, Varanasi 221 001
UNESCO COLLECTION OF REPRESENTATIVE WORKS— Indian Series This book has been accepted in the Indian Translation Series of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works, jointly sponsored by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Government of India
Printed in India
by RP Jain at NAB Printing Unit,
A-44, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase I, New Delhi—110028
_and published by JP Jain for Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (P) Ltd,
41 U.A. Bungalow Road, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi-110007
RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN,
New DEtHi-4
June 10, 1962
I am very glad to know that the Sacred Books
of the East, published years ago by the Clarendon
Press, Oxford, which have been out-of-print for a
number of years, will now be available to all
students of religion and philosophy. The enterprise
of the publishers is commendable and I hope the
books will be widely read.
S. Radhakrishnan
Prefatory Note to the New Edition
Since 1948 the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), upon the recom- mendation of the General Assembly of the United Nations, has been concerned with facilitating the translation of the works most representative of the culture of certain of its Mem- ber States, and, in particular, those of Asia.
One of the major difficulties confronting this programme is the lack of translators having both the qualifications and the time to undertake translations of the many outstanding books meriting publication. To heip overcome this difficulty in part, UNESCO’s advisers in this field (a panel of experts convened every other year by the International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies), have recommended that many worthwhile translations published during the 19th century, and now impossible to find except in a limited number of libraries, should be brought back into print in low-priced editions, for the use of students and of the general public. The experts also pointed out that in certain cases, even though there might be in existence more recent and more accurate translations endowed with a more modern apparatus of scholar- ship, a number of pioneer works of the greatest value and interest to students of Eastern religions also merited republi- cation.
This point of view was warmly endorsed by the Indian
National Academy of Letters (Sahitya Akademi), and the
Indian National Commission for UNESCO.
It is in the spirit of these recommendations that this work from the famous scries ‘“‘Sacred Books of the East’ is now once again being made available to the general public as part of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works.
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY, K.G.
CHANCELLOR OF THE UNIVERSITY GF OXFORD,
LATELY SECRETARY Of STATE FOR INDIA,
SIR HENRY J. 8. MAINE, K.0.8.1,
MEMBER OF THE COUNCIL OF INDIA, AND
THE VERY REV. H. G. LIDDELL, D.D.
DEAN OF CHRIST CHURCH,
TO WHOSE KIND INTEREST AND EXERTIONS
THIS ATTEMPT TO MAKE KNOWN TO THE ENGLISH PEOPLE
THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST
| IS SO LARGELY INDEBTED,
I NOW DEDICATE THESE VOLUMES
WITH SINCERE RESPECT AND GRATITUDE,
F. MAX MULLER.
Publisher’S Note
First, the man distinguished between eternal and perish-
able. Later he discovered within himself the germ of the
Eternal. This discovery was an epoch in the history of the
human mind and the East was the first to discover it.
To watch in the Sacred Books of the East the dawn of this religious consciousness of man, must always remain one of the most inspiring and hallowing sights in the whole history of the world. In order to havea solid foundation for a com- parative study of the Religions of the East, we must have before all things, complete and thoroughly faithful translation of their Sacred Books in which some of the ancient sayings were pre- served because they were so true and so striking that they could not be forgotten. They contained eternal truths, ex- pressed for the first time in human language.
With profoundest reverence for Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, President of India, who inspired us for the task; our deep sense of gratitude for Dr. C. D. Deshmukh & Dr. D. S. Kothari, for encouraging assistance; esteemed appreciation of UNESCO for the warm endorsement of the cause; and finally with indebtedness to Dr. H. Rau, Director, Max Miller Bhawan, New Delhi, in procuring us the texts of the Series for reprint, we humbly conclude.
CONTENTS.
Page
PREFACE TO THE SacrED Books oF THE East . ix
Program of a Translation of the Sacred Books of the
Fast . : : é : ‘ : i RESIX
Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets : : . xiviii
Approximate Pronunciation of the Roman Letters as
representing the Sanskrit Alphabet . ; . lv
INTRODUCTION TO THE UPANISHADS lvii
Khandogya-upanishad : : ; . lxxxvi
Talavakara-upanishad : : ; . Ixxxix
Aitareya-aranyaka xci
Kaushitaki-brahmaza-upanishad . é . Xcviil
Vagasaneyi-samhita-upanishad :
TRANSLATION OF THE KHANDOGYA-UPANISHAD I
TRANSLATION OF THE TALAVAKARA-UPANISHAD 147
TRANSLATION OF THE AITAREYA-ARANYAKA 157
TRANSLATION OF THE KAUSH{TAKI-BRAHMANA-UPANISHAD . 271
TRANSLATION OF THE VAGASANEYI-SAMHITA-UPANISHAD 311
Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets adopted for the Translations of the Sacred Books of the East .
ae
PeerACE
Pee SACRED BOOKS OF SHE.-EAST.
I must begin this series of translations of the
Sacred Books of the East with three cautions :—
the first, referring to the character of the original
texts here translated ; the second, with regard to the
difficulties in making a proper use of translations ;
the third, showing what is possible and what is im-
possible in rendering ancient thought into modern
speech.
Readers who have been led to believe that the
Vedas of the ancient Brahmans, the Avesta of the
Zoroastrians, the Tripiaka of the Buddhists, the
Kings of Confucius, or the Koran of Mohammed
are books full of primeval wisdom and religious
enthusiasm, or at least of sound and simple moral
teaching, will be disappointed on consulting these
volumes. Looking at many of the books that have
lately been published on the religions of the ancient
world, I do not wonder that such a belief should
have been raised; but I have long felt that it was
high time to dispel such illusions, and to place the
study of the ancient religions of the world on a
more real and sound, on a more truly historical
basis. It is but natural that those who write on
He PREFACE TO THE
ancient religions, and who have studied them from
translations only, not from original documents,
should have had eyes for their bright rather than
for their dark sides. The former absorb all the
attention of the student, the latter, as they teach
nothing, seem hardly to deserve any notice. Schoiars
also who have devoted their life either to the
editing of the original texts or to the careful in-
terpretation of some of the sacred books, are more
inclined, after they have disinterred from a heap of
rubbish some solitary fragments of pure gold, to
exhibit these treasures only than to display all the
refuse from which they had to extract them. I do
not blame them for this, perhaps I should feel that I
was open to the same blame myself, for it is but
natural that scholars in their joy at finding one or
two fragrant fruits or flowers should gladly forget
the brambles and thorns that had to be thrown aside
in the course of their search. |
But whether I am myself one of the guilty or not,
I cannot help calling attention to the real mischief
that has been done and is still being done by the
enthusiasm of those pioneers who have opened the
first avenues through the bewildering forest of the
sacred literature of the East. They have raised
expectations that cannot be fulfilled, fears also that,
as will be easily seen, are ynfounded. Anyhow they
have removed the study of religion from that whole-
some and matter-of-fact atmosphere in which alone
it can produce valuable and permanent results.
The time has come when the study of the ancient
religions of mankind must be approached in a dif-
ferent, in a less enthusiastic, and more discrimi-
nating, in fact, in a more scholarlike spirit. Not
SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. x1
that I object to dilettanti, if they only are what by
their name they profess to be, devoted lovers, and not
mere amateurs. The religions of antiquity must
always be approached in a loving spirit, and the dry
and cold-blooded scholar is likely to do here as
much mischief as the enthusiastic sciolist. But true
love does not ignore all faults and failings: on the
contrary, it scans them keenly, though only in order
to be able to understand, to explain, and thus to
excuse them. To watch in the Sacred Books of
the East the dawn of the religious consciousness
of man, must always remain one of the most
inspiring and hallowing sights in the whole history
of the world; and he whose heart cannot quiver
with the first quivering rays of human thought
and human faith, as revealed in those ancient docu-
ments, is, in his own way, as unfit for these studies
as, from another side, the man who shrinks from
copying and collating ancient MSS., or toiling
through volumes of tedious commentary. What we
want here, as everywhere else, is the truth, and the
whole truth; and if the whole truth must be told,
it is that, however radiant the dawn of religious
thought, it is not without its dark clouds, its chilling
colds, its noxious vapours. Whoever does not
know these, or would hide them from his own sight
and from the sight of others, does not know and
can never understand the real toil and travail of the
human heart in its first religious aspirations; and
not knowing its toil and travail, can never know the
intensity of its triumphs and its joys.
In order to have a solid foundation for a com-
parative study of the religions of the East, we must
have before all things complete and thoroughly